Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) from carbs Aerobic metabolism (TCA cycle) for proteins, lipids, & cabs

Lecture 2: Macronutrients (Exam 1) Flashcards by Shelby Rainbolt

What does complete & balanced mean

Meets all essential nutrient needs in an appropriate ratios

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is essential

Needs to be in the diet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is non essential

Doesn’t have to be in the diet b/c the body produces it naturally

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is conditionally essential

Nutrients that are essential for different situations (like @ a particular life stage)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: Nutrients can be deficient or excessive (toxic) & can cause adverse effect

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an example of key nutrients

Feeding a phosphorus deficient diet to help slow progression of chronic kidney disease
Enhancing omega 3-FAs to support joint health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most important nutrient

WATER

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the macronutrients

Protein
Fat/lipids
Carbs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the micronutrients

Vitamins
Micro & macro minerals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do macronutrients do

They are essential nutrients
Source of energy (calories)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do macronutrients do

Source of essential nutrients
Protein is a source of essential AAs
Lipid/fat is a source of essential FAs
Carbohydrates are complicated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How is ATP generated

Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) from carbs
Aerobic metabolism (TCA cycle) for proteins, lipids, & cabs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fill out the chart on the amount of energy for each macronutrients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most energy packed macronutrient

Lipids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define a protein

Complex structures composed of AAs connected by peptide molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define an amino acid

Nitrogen containing molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of protein

Muscle
Hormones
Enzymes
Plasma oncotic pressure
A/B balance
Energy substrate (aerobic & gluconeogenic AAs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: Humans have higher protein req than dogs & cats

False; cats and dog have higher protein req

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is crude protein

(% nitrogen) x (6.25)
Represents there is nitrogen in the food
Doesn’t differentiate AAs vs. non AA acid nitrogen
Need to confirm that there is a source of essential AAs (look @ the ingredient list)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a good quality protein

Rich in essential AAs
High digestible & bioava

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some essential AAs to look for in a good quality protein

Phenylalanine
Methionine
Arginine
Lysine
Taurine for cats

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are byproducts a source of protein

Yes if they are animal based byproducts, they can also be a source for micronutrients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Can plants be a good source of protein

Grains & legumes can be for omnivores

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is plant protein not the best good source of protein in carnivores

It is incomplete in essential AAs thus req careful formulation w/ complimentary protein sources or added AAs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some things you can do to check for protein (essential AAs) intake

* Muscle condition Score * Serum albumin * Compare their current diet to requirements

List protein/essential deficiency syndromes/symptoms

* Muscle loss * Decreased growth rate * Weight loss * Anemia * Poor hair coat/decreased color * Dilated cardiomyopathy, retinopathy (taurine)

What is the purpose of lipids/fats

* Energy substrate (aerobic) * Lipid membranes * Fat soluble vitamin absorption * Neurologic & retinal dev * Overall they are needed for maintaining cells

What are the 3 types of lipids

* Triglycerides (3 fatty acids + glycerol backbone) * Phospholipids * Free fatty acids

How many double bonds does a saturated fatty acid have

* Zero * Single bonds

How many double bonds does a monounsaturated FA have

How many double bonds does a polyunsaturated FA have

2 or more

What type of fatty acid are essentially FAs

Polyunsaturated FAs

What are the two types of polyunsaturated FAs

* Omega 6 * Omega 3

Describe Omega-6s

* 1st double bond @ the 6th carbon from the methyl end (CH3) * Linoleic acid (LA) * Arachidonic acid (AA)

Describe omega-3s

* First double bond @ 3rd carbon from the methyl end * Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) * EPA & DHA * Anti-inflammatory

Describe short chain FAs

* Aren't essential for the tissue of pets * Produced by fermentation from GI microbes * Volatile FAs * < 6 carbons

Describe Medium chain FAs

* 6 to 12 carbons * Ex. coconut oil

Describe long chain FA

* 13 -21 carbone * All essential FAs are long chain PUFAs)

Which FAs are essential for dogs

* Linoleic acid * Alpha linolenic acid * EPA & DHA

Which FAs are essential for cats

* Linoleic acid * Arachidonic acid * EPA & DHA

How are lipids absorbed & transported to diff tissue

* Lipoproteins * Can move around as free FAs

What are the plant sources of FAs & what FA do they contain

* Leaves - alpha linolenic acid (Omega-3) * Grain/seed - linoleic acid (an omega 6) & ALA

What are the animal sources of FAs

* Arachidonic acid (omega 6) * EPA (omega 3) & DHA (omega 3) in marine animals only * Variable & dep on the animal plus there diet

What are sources of lipids

Vegetable oils & poultry fat supply it mostly

What do mammal fats supply

Mostly saturate FA

What supplies polyunsaturated omega 3

* Fish/marine animals * Algae

What is a way to check if the essential FA is adequate

Skin & coat

How can you tell if the essential fatty acid intake is inadequate

* Dry skin, dermatitis, dull haircoat * Decreased neural & retinal fxn (during dev & growth) * Decreased growth rate * Weight loss * Immunodeficiency

T/F: carb classification is complex

True

What are non fiber carbohydrates

* Digestible carbs * Ex. starch

What are fiber carbohydrates

* Indigestible carbohydrates * Cellulose

List ex of monosaccharides

* Glucose * Fructose * Galactose

List ex of disaccharides

* Lactose * Sucrose * Maltose * Trehalose

What is an ex of oligosaccharides

Fructooligosaccharides

What do non-fiber carbs supply

dietary energy when metabolized to glucose

What do fiber carbs do

* GI health - fuel for the GI microbes, motility, & stool quality * Regulate glucose absorption * Reduce energy density * Satiety * Reduces diet digestibility in general

What do carbs do

Balance protein & fat in the diet @ times when macronutrients need to be restricted

What are some sources of carbs

* Grains * Veggies * Fruits * Glycogen * Can be whole/modified/purified

High solubility = what

High fermentability

Low solubility = what

Low fermentability

How is fiber represented on a food label or nutrient analysis

* Crude fiber (insoluble & doesn't represent TDF) * Total dietary fiber (TDF) * Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) * Acid detergent fiber (ADF)

How is non fiber represented on a food label or nutrient analysis

nitrogen free extract %

What is the equation for NFE %

100 - (moisture % + CF % + CP % + EE % + Ash %)

What is an example of a soluble (& viscous) fiber

Psyllium