Lecture 2: Macronutrients (Exam 1) Flashcards
What does complete & balanced mean
Meets all essential nutrient needs in an appropriate ratios
What is essential
Needs to be in the diet
What is non essential
Doesn’t have to be in the diet b/c the body produces it naturally
What is conditionally essential
Nutrients that are essential for different situations (like @ a particular life stage)
T/F: Nutrients can be deficient or excessive (toxic) & can cause adverse effect
True
What is an example of key nutrients
- Feeding a phosphorus deficient diet to help slow progression of chronic kidney disease
- Enhancing omega 3-FAs to support joint health
What is the most important nutrient
WATER
List the macronutrients
- Protein
- Fat/lipids
- Carbs
List the micronutrients
- Vitamins
- Micro & macro minerals
What do macronutrients do
- They are essential nutrients
- Source of energy (calories)
What do macronutrients do
- Source of essential nutrients
- Protein is a source of essential AAs
- Lipid/fat is a source of essential FAs
- Carbohydrates are complicated
How is ATP generated
- Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) from carbs
- Aerobic metabolism (TCA cycle) for proteins, lipids, & cabs
Fill out the chart on the amount of energy for each macronutrients
What is the most energy packed macronutrient
Lipids
Define a protein
Complex structures composed of AAs connected by peptide molecules
Define an amino acid
Nitrogen containing molecules
What is the purpose of protein
- Muscle
- Hormones
- Enzymes
- Plasma oncotic pressure
- A/B balance
- Energy substrate (aerobic & gluconeogenic AAs)
T/F: Humans have higher protein req than dogs & cats
False; cats and dog have higher protein req
What is crude protein
- (% nitrogen) x (6.25)
- Represents there is nitrogen in the food
- Doesn’t differentiate AAs vs. non AA acid nitrogen
- Need to confirm that there is a source of essential AAs (look @ the ingredient list)
What is a good quality protein
- Rich in essential AAs
- High digestible & bioava
What are some essential AAs to look for in a good quality protein
- Phenylalanine
- Methionine
- Arginine
- Lysine
- Taurine for cats
Are byproducts a source of protein
Yes if they are animal based byproducts, they can also be a source for micronutrients
Can plants be a good source of protein
Grains & legumes can be for omnivores
Why is plant protein not the best good source of protein in carnivores
It is incomplete in essential AAs thus req careful formulation w/ complimentary protein sources or added AAs
What are some things you can do to check for protein (essential AAs) intake
- Muscle condition Score
- Serum albumin
- Compare their current diet to requirements
List protein/essential deficiency syndromes/symptoms
- Muscle loss
- Decreased growth rate
- Weight loss
- Anemia
- Poor hair coat/decreased color
- Dilated cardiomyopathy, retinopathy (taurine)
What is the purpose of lipids/fats
- Energy substrate (aerobic)
- Lipid membranes
- Fat soluble vitamin absorption
- Neurologic & retinal dev
- Overall they are needed for maintaining cells
What are the 3 types of lipids
- Triglycerides (3 fatty acids + glycerol backbone)
- Phospholipids
- Free fatty acids
How many double bonds does a saturated fatty acid have
- Zero
- Single bonds
How many double bonds does a monounsaturated FA have
1
How many double bonds does a polyunsaturated FA have
2 or more
What type of fatty acid are essentially FAs
Polyunsaturated FAs
What are the two types of polyunsaturated FAs
- Omega 6
- Omega 3
Describe Omega-6s
- 1st double bond @ the 6th carbon from the methyl end (CH3)
- Linoleic acid (LA)
- Arachidonic acid (AA)
Describe omega-3s
- First double bond @ 3rd carbon from the methyl end
- Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
- EPA & DHA
- Anti-inflammatory
Describe short chain FAs
- Aren’t essential for the tissue of pets
- Produced by fermentation from GI microbes
- Volatile FAs
- < 6 carbons
Describe Medium chain FAs
- 6 to 12 carbons
- Ex. coconut oil
Describe long chain FA
- 13 -21 carbone
- All essential FAs are long chain PUFAs)
Which FAs are essential for dogs
- Linoleic acid
- Alpha linolenic acid
- EPA & DHA
Which FAs are essential for cats
- Linoleic acid
- Arachidonic acid
- EPA & DHA
How are lipids absorbed & transported to diff tissue
- Lipoproteins
- Can move around as free FAs
What are the plant sources of FAs & what FA do they contain
- Leaves - alpha linolenic acid (Omega-3)
- Grain/seed - linoleic acid (an omega 6) & ALA
What are the animal sources of FAs
- Arachidonic acid (omega 6)
- EPA (omega 3) & DHA (omega 3) in marine animals only
- Variable & dep on the animal plus there diet
What are sources of lipids
Vegetable oils & poultry fat supply it mostly
What do mammal fats supply
Mostly saturate FA
What supplies polyunsaturated omega 3
- Fish/marine animals
- Algae
What is a way to check if the essential FA is adequate
Skin & coat
How can you tell if the essential fatty acid intake is inadequate
- Dry skin, dermatitis, dull haircoat
- Decreased neural & retinal fxn (during dev & growth)
- Decreased growth rate
- Weight loss
- Immunodeficiency
T/F: carb classification is complex
True
What are non fiber carbohydrates
- Digestible carbs
- Ex. starch
What are fiber carbohydrates
- Indigestible carbohydrates
- Cellulose
List ex of monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
List ex of disaccharides
- Lactose
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Trehalose
What is an ex of oligosaccharides
Fructooligosaccharides
What do non-fiber carbs supply
dietary energy when metabolized to glucose
What do fiber carbs do
- GI health - fuel for the GI microbes, motility, & stool quality
- Regulate glucose absorption
- Reduce energy density
- Satiety
- Reduces diet digestibility in general
What do carbs do
Balance protein & fat in the diet @ times when macronutrients need to be restricted
What are some sources of carbs
- Grains
- Veggies
- Fruits
- Glycogen
- Can be whole/modified/purified
High solubility = what
High fermentability
Low solubility = what
Low fermentability
How is fiber represented on a food label or nutrient analysis
- Crude fiber (insoluble & doesn’t represent TDF)
- Total dietary fiber (TDF)
- Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
- Acid detergent fiber (ADF)
How is non fiber represented on a food label or nutrient analysis
nitrogen free extract %
What is the equation for NFE %
100 - (moisture % + CF % + CP % + EE % + Ash %)
What is an example of a soluble (& viscous) fiber
Psyllium
