Lecture 26: Sheep Nutrition (Exam 3) Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
What type of gazers are sheep
A
selective (maintenance usually met by pasture or hay)
3
Q
What vitamins does the rumen adequately synthesize? What vitamin needs to be supplemented?
A
- Synthesizes: A, K, & most B vitamins
- Supplement: Vitamin E
4
Q
What micronutrients are important for sheep
A
- Se
- I
- Cu
- Co
5
Q
Definition:
- Lambs with ewes in pens
- weaned after 30-45 days
A
total confinement
6
Q
Definition:
Lambs spend 30 days on pasture with ewes then they are weaned and confined
A
semi-confinement
7
Q
**Definition: **
- Ewes live on range/pasture
- lambs in shelters
A
range/pasture production with lambing shelters
8
Q
**Definition: **
Ewes live and lamb on range/pasture
A
range/pasture production no buildings
9
Q
Most of the sheep used in commercial meat production are what breed
A
cross bred with different breeds (gain weight rapidly with lean muscular carcass)
10
Q
commercial sheep are often white faced ewes bred with what breeds
A
- Hampshire
- Suffolk
- Dorset
- Southdown
- Shropshire
11
Q
What system:
A
12
Q
**What system: **
- Use dry lots or small pens with slatted floors
- Allows utilization of small space
- produce more lambs in limited area
- Usually associated with accelerated lambing program total confinement
A
Total confinement
13
Q
Fill in the ?s
Accelerate lambing program are breeding every ? and lambing ? per year
A
- Breeding every 6 M
- Lambing more than once per year
14
Q
What ewes should you use for accelerated breeding programs
A
Dorset
15
Q
When should lambs be weaned in accelerated breeding programs
A
30 days
16
Q
**Name the management system: **
Lambs spend about 30-45 days on pasture with ewes then weaned and confined for growing/finishing
A
Semi-confinement
17
Q
**Name the management system: **
- Increases success for out-of-season or early lambing and allows for intervention and treatment of ewes and lambs
- Lamb in “drop pens(several ewes together than in individual pens once birthing)
A
range/pasture with lambing shelters
18
Q
Lambing shelters should be able to house at least what % of flock
A
10%
19
Q
Range pasture lambing is okay when temperatures are above what temp
A
45 degree F
20
Q
**Name the breed **
- Highest milk producing sheep breeds
- docile
- not the hardiest
- used for producing cheese
A
East friesian
21
Q
What management system has less incidences of there often less dystocia’s
A
range/pasture(more exercise)
22
Q
What is the milk production range of sheep (lbs of milk per day)
A
0.75 - 2.0 lbs per day
23
Q
Dairy sheep lambs should be weaned after how many days? How many times a day are ewes milked per day the lambs are weaned?
A
- Weaned: 3 days
- Milked: twice daily
24
Q
How often are ewes milked if the lambs nurse for 30 days?
A
Milked once daily
25
Ewe lactation last how many days
100
26
BCS scale of is out of what? What does each BCS mean?
* Out of 5
* BCS 1 - emaciated
* BCS 2 - thin
* BCS 3 - average
* BCS 4 - fat
* BCS 5 - obese)
27
What areas should you evaluate for sheep BCS
muscling and fat cover around vertebrae in loin region (spinous and transverse process)
28
Ewes should be fed according to what
weight changes
29
Normal for ewe to lose what % BW during lactation
5 - 7% (recover during post-weaning & gain during gestation)
30
T/F Nutritional needs easily met by pasture once lambs are weaned (in maintenance)
TRUE (need salt, trace minerals, and adequate water)
31
DMI in ewes what % BW
1.7%
32
What is extremely important for control in ewes
Parasites
33
# **Definition: **
The practice of increasing feed intake of ewes prior to and during breeding
Flushing (increases lambing rate and **increase ovulation rate**)
34
When flushing a ewes BCS should be raised to what
3-3.5
35
What do we use for flushing in ewes (2 methods)
* high quality lush pasture
**OR**
* supplement with 1/4-1/2 grain per head per day
36
The strongest and best response to flushing is in what ewes mature
ewes in early or late breeding season (if ewe is already fat or young not much of a response - middle of season ovulation already at highest wont make a difference)
37
When should you flush ewes
4 weeks before or 2 weeks after introduction of ram
38
When is the most critical nutritional requirements in ewes
last 6 weeks
39
Gestation for sheep
5 months (147-152 days)
40
What % of fetal growth happens in late gestation (last 6 weeks) so nutritional plane affects lamb development and lactation
70%
41
In late gestation what may occur due to limited ability of the liver to process mobilized fat (lipolysis)
pregnancy toxemia
42
DMI in late gestation is what % BW
2.6%
43
Ewes in late gestation with twins can need up to what % more feed
75%
44
How much more are the Energy requirements during lactation
3x maintenance
45
Sheep milk is what % solids, % fat, & % protein (DM basis). What other two things does sheep milk contain?
* 17% solids
* 30% fat
* 25% protein
* + Ca & sugars
46
Feeding ewe during lactation is based on what
number of lambs
47
Ewes on pasture during lactation will likely need to be supplemented with what
Grain
48
Ewe peak milk is at how many weeks after parturition? During this time it is okay for them to lose how many BCS scores during lactation
* 2 - 3 W after partution
* Okay for them to lose 1 BCS score
49
Milk meets the needs of lambs up to what age
30 days
50
What intake is crucial for ewe during lactation
protein
51
Ewes at maintenance need how many lbs of hay? What about during flushing, late gestation, lactation of a single lamb, & lactation for twins?
* Maintenance: 3-4 lbs
* Flushing: Hay + .5 - 1lb grain (30 days) * Late Gestation: 4.5 lbs hay+ 0.5 - 1.0 lb grain
* Lactation for a single lamb: 5 lbs hay + 1lb grain
* Twins: 5 lbs hay+ 2 lbs grain
52
# **Definition: **
Disease of energy metabolism in ewes carrying multiple fetuses
pregnancy toxemia
53
List nutritional problems found in sheep
* Pregnancy toximia
* Overfed fat ewes
* Hypothermia in newborn lambs
* Iron deficiency in housed lambs
* Copper toxicity
* Urolithiasis in castrated lambs
* Enterotoxemia in growing limbs
54
What is most often the cause of pregnancy toxemia
improperly fed ewes in late gestation (under conditioned and over conditioned)
55
Energy needs increase by almost what % from early to late gestation for single lamb? What about when w/ twins & triplets?
* Single: 25%
* Twins: 35%
* Triplets: 45%
56
What increases in underconditioned and over conditioned ewes that leads to pregnancy toxemia
fat mobilization (over condition eat less causing more fat usage- liver increases gluconeogenesis->glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> glycerol used to make glucose- overwhelm liver compacity to handle and results in hepatic lipidosis and ketosis
57
# **What dx is this describing**
* Decreased appetite
* More time lying down
* Walking aimlessly
* Muscle twitching
* Recumbency
* Death
Pregnancy toxemia
58
What is a major concern for newborn lambs especially in winter
Hypothermia
59
Lambs have a (high/low) skin surface: mass ration
high (lose heat quickly)
60
What can be given to young lambs to help them give energy and generate body heat
Glucose
61
Nursing lambs need alot of what because 50% of energy intake is fat
Vitamin E
62
Housed lambs should be supplemented with what
Iron
63
# **Definition:**
Feed that is provided to young animals as an extra ration and is fed in an area that is inaccessible to the mothers
creep feed
64
# **What type of Cu toxicity/poisoning is this: **
* Accidental administration of excessive amounts of soluble copper salts in the form of anthelmintic drenches, mineral mixes, or improperly formulated rations
* sudden intake of high levels
* (20-100 mg cu/kg)
Acute poisoning
65
can you feed cattle supplements or rations to sheep?
no (copper sensitivity)
66
# **What type of Cu toxicity/poisoning is this: **
* Develops when excessive copper consumed over long periods of time
* toxicosis is subclinical until copper stored in liver released
(3.5 mg/kg)
* increased liver enzymes
* increased blood copper
* intravascular hemolysis
Secondary chronic poisoning
67
# **What type of Cu toxicity/poisoning is this: **
Phytogenous poisoning after ingestion of plants causing mineral imbalances &
excessive copper retention
Secondary chronic poisoning
68
what are the 2 predisposing factors of urolithiasis
* early age castration (loss of hormonal influence on penis and urethra development)
* fed high grain diets with low Ca: P or high MG
69
what is the Copper requirement in sheep
5 mg/kg BW (5 ppm)
70
Where do uroliths get lodged
* sigmoid flexure
* urethra process
71
Low Ca:P ratio in diet can lead to what type of uroliths
Struvite
72
What bacteria loves starch and sugar (high grain diet) & causes enterotoxemia
clostridium perfringens (increases when starch and sugar make it to LI)
73
What are the major Health risk for finishing lambs
* enterotoxemia
* urinary calculi
74
What can you do to prevent urinary calculi
* adequate Ca:P ratio
* free choice salt and minerals
* Urinary acidifiers
* Plenty of water
75
What can you do to prevent enterotoxemia
vaccinate (clostridium perfringens)
