Lecture 2 (Embryology, cells, and Skin)

Question 1

Anatomy Types

Answer 1

Anatomy: "to cut apart"
Gross: body or organs with naked eye
Microscopic
Development: embryology
Pathological: Abnormalities

Question 2

Major organ systems (11)

Answer 2

Organs are made of tissues which are made of cells

1. Integument
2. skeletal
3. articulations (joints)
4. muscular
5. circulatory
6. respiratory
7. digestive
8. urinary
9. nervous (sense organs)
10. endocrine
11. Reproudctive

Question 3

Integument

Answer 3

Skin, hair, nails

Question 4

Skeletal

Answer 4

Bones and cartilage

Question 5

Circulatory

Answer 5

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

Question 6

Respiratory

Answer 6

Nose, larynx, lungs

Question 7

Digestive

Answer 7

Mouth, pharynx, intestines, glands of this system

Question 8

Urinary

Answer 8

Kidney, bladder

Question 9

Nervous system

Answer 9

Senses, taste and smell, perception, 
sense organs (eye, ear, smell, taste, pain, temperature, and proprioception)

Question 10

Endocrine

Answer 10

hormones

Question 11

Reproductive

Answer 11

Male and female

Question 12

Articulation

Answer 12

Joints and Ligaments

Question 13

3 primary germ layers

Answer 13

1. Ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm

Question 14

Ectoderm

Answer 14

Outer most layer of skin
Cells divide very rapidly and make many functions
Brain and spinal column are also made from this (entire nervous system)

Question 15

Mesoderm

Answer 15

Middle layer of skin

Muscles that attach to bones, the bones, the heart, blood vessels, kidney

Question 16

Endoderm

Answer 16

Innermost layer

Respiratory system, digestive and it’s gland

Question 17

Cells

Answer 17

Some cells have no nucleus (Blood cells)
marrow, contain many nuclei
Nuclei can have diff shapes (help with ID)

Question 18

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

Helps with neutralizing of poisons

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

Production of ATP, Especially in cells that contract

Question 20

Microvilli

Answer 20

Cilia that are really small

Question 21

Flagella

Answer 21

The long tail of sperm

Question 22

Pigment

Answer 22

Melanin: absence of pigment (Blue eyes = see the blood vessels)

Question 23

Tumors

Answer 23

Cluster of cells that grow rapidly (abnormal)

Question 24

Benign

Answer 24

grows slowly, not dangerous, maybe a little painful (very common)

Question 25

Malignant

Answer 25

May break off the tumor and travel (metastasis)

Question 26

Integument (Skin) system

Answer 26

Largest organ, heaviest (7% of body weight) Protects against: UV, environment, bacteria Regulates body temperature

Question 27

Exretion

Answer 27

Sweat out the excess salt or alcohol | Glands in the female breast are modified sweat glands (Breast milk = modified sweat)

Question 28

Vitamin D

Answer 28

Sun exposure = metabolism, growth of bones, in children

Question 29

Thin skin

Answer 29

Hair, most of the body is covered

Question 30

Thick skin

Answer 30

No hair, soles and palms

Question 31

Sebum

Answer 31

Hair oil, from the sebaceous gland Too much = acne Water helps dilute this

Question 32

Sweat glands (Specialized versions)

Answer 32

Ear: wax Breast: milk

Question 33

Meisner's Touch receptors

Answer 33

Nerve endings in the hand Deal with delicate touch Palm and fingers have a lot A lot in your face

Question 34

Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 34

Pressure receptors: Vibration and deep pressure Numerous in the sole of the feet Used in learning to walk abundant in the hand

Question 35

Melanocycte

Answer 35

Melanin containing cells We all have the same number of cells Skin color: how much pigment you have/ white = less pigment not less melanocytes

Question 36

Tattoos

Answer 36

``` Subcutaneous epidermis (fat layer) is penetrated Keeps the pigment there longer ```

Question 37

Skin Cancer

Answer 37

Most common form of cancer (1/3 of all cancer) | 98% is curable

Question 38

3 forms of skin cancer

Answer 38

1. Squamous cell cacerinoma 2. Basil Cell 3. Melanoma

Question 39

Squamis cell carcerinoma

Answer 39

Cancer, flkay cell, epidermis treatable Doesnt not metastasize

Question 40

Basil Cell

Answer 40

Base of the epidermis, Roundish, Doesnt break the base membrane Treatable Doesnt Metastasize

Question 41

Melanonma

Answer 41

Least treatable Melanocytes are cancerous Cells divide very rapidly, they metastasize very quickly Least common

Question 42

ABCDE's of Melanoma

Answer 42

``` A: Asymmetry (Not round circle) B: borders, not smooth are irregular C: colors, various colors D: diameter, eraser of a pencil (bigger might be melanoma E: evolving, ever changing and growing ```

Question 43

Burns

Answer 43

Thermal: Excessive heat Electrical: hot electrical wire, lightning Chemical: strong acids and bases Inhalation: breath in things that are dangerous Friction Burns: rope burns Radiation: explosions, atomic (radioactive)

Question 44

1st degree burn

Answer 44

Only top layer of epidermis, | Sun burns

Question 45

2nd degree burn

Answer 45

Through epidermis | Fluid rushes in, blisters form

Question 46

3rd degree

Answer 46

Epidermis and demis is destroyed, nerves as well, No sensation, painless Full thickness burn Require skin graphs

Question 47

4th degree

Answer 47

All epi and dermis, down to deep tissue Muscle, ligament and bones Amputation is required