Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Microbiology > Lecture 10: Bacterial Variation and Bacterial Mobilome > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Bacterial Variation and Bacterial Mobilome Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two primary ways that bacterial variation occurs?

A

Phenotypic variation
Genotypic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____: the entirety of all genetic info in an organism - all chromosomes and extrachromosomal elements

____: the complete listing of all genes present in an organism

A

Genome
Genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____: the complete listing of all physical features than an organism expresses

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____: A DNA/RNA molecule that controls its own replication and , therefore, is capable of self-duplication

A

Replicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

____: replicons present in a cell, excluding host cell DNA; includes: plasmids and bacteriophages

A

Extra Chromosomal Elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____: the total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome

A

Mobilome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Elements that move within a genome (e.g transposons) are the major constituents of the mobilome in ____

A. prokaryotes
B. eukaryotes

A

B. eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In ___, mobile genetic elements that can move between genomes (plasmids and bacteriophages) are also important part of the mobilome

A. prokaryotes
B. eukaryotes

A

A. prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False: For any organism, the complete and total potential phenotype is limited to/determined by organism’s genotype

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____: the situation in which ALL cells in a POPULATION respond to environmental stimuli in the SAME fashion and produce a new/altered phenotype via: expression of a gene(s)

Is genotypic change needed for this to occur?

A

Phenotypic variation

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or False: Capsule production by Cryptococcus neoformans is an example of phenotypic variation

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______: When genome of one or more cells is/are altered
A. Phenotypic Variation
B. Genotypic Variation

A

B. Genotypic Variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____: ability of bacteria to detect the size of the own population

A

Quorum sensing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two ways that genotypic variation occur?

A
  1. Mutation (internal change): change in nucleotide sequence
  2. Horizontal gene transfer (acquisition of gene from external source- from donor to recipient)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or False: Mutations rarely occur, but since bacteria are found in large populations, net effect can be significant

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Horizontal gene transfer is also known as _____ and it generates diversity and facilitates spread of advantageous genes

A

DNA recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The horizontal transfer (external acquisition) of genetic material from one bacterial cell (the donor) to another cell (the recipient) can occur by one of three general mechanisms:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Horizontal genetic transfer and exchange in bacteria involves transfer of either:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. plasmid
  2. virus
  3. transposon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____: Uptake of “naked” exogenous DNA (plasmid or portion of chromosome fragment) by recipient cell
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Translation

A

A. Transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The ____ cell chromosomal genes encode for the mechanism of transformation
A. Donor Cell
B. Recipient Cell

A

B. Recipient Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

For transformation to occur, which cell must be in a state of competence (meaning ready to acquire naked DNA)
A. recipient cell
B. donor cell

A

A. recipient cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In transformation, the ___ cell lyses, releasing DNA
A. Donor Cell
B. Recipient Cell

A

A. Donor Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two limitations of Transformation?

A
  1. Not all bacterial genomes are competent
  2. Need a chromosomal segment for integration/recombination to occur - plasmid DNA does not require this though
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the significance of conjugation and transformation?

A

Results in the transfer of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

___: Horizontal gene transfer of DNA from donor bacterial cell to a recipient bacterial cell via a mechanism encoded by a conjugative (transmissible) plasmid present in donor cell; it involves CELL TO CELL contact
A. Conjugation
B. Translation
C. Transformation

A

A. Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False: Cell to cell contact is essential in conjugation

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or False: During conjugation, a RNA copy of the conjugative plasmid is transferred from donor to recipient cell during plasma RNA replication

A

False - DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

During conjugation, both single stranded DNA strands (in mom and daughter cell) are made ____ and process is complete

A

double stranded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a limitation for conjugation?

A

Conjugative plasmids have host ranges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

____: the horizontal transfer of genetic information (chromosomal or plasmid DNA) from one bacterium to another via bacteriophage (bacterial virus)

A

Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the two types of phages?

A
  1. The lytic (virulent) phage
  2. The temperate phage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

___ infects bacterial host cell, replicates, then kills the bacterium (via: lysis), thereby releasing new progeny to infect other cells

A. The lytic (virulent) phage
B. The temperate phage

A

A. The lytic (virulent) phage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

_____ infects host cell. However, after it enters cytoplasms of host cell, it has two options:
1. go through normal lytic cycle
2. become latent virus (prophage) - replicates in synchrony with bacterial DNA and is passed to daughter cells.

From here, phage can either a) remain in cytoplasm or b) integrate into the bacterial chromosome

A. The lytic (virulent) phage
B. The temperate phage

A

B. The temperate phage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The latent virus (prophage) will do one of which two things?
1.
2.

A
  1. Remain in cytoplasm
  2. Reintegrate/insert into host cell DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

True or False: The latent virus will always lead prophage DNA to replicate in synchrony with host cell DNA, leading it to it being passed onto daughter cells

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Antigenic variation of Type IV pilus of N.gonnorhoea: from silent loci to express loci is an example of ____

A

phenotypic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

True or False: Transformation, acceptance of DNA from donor is not specific

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or False: For transformation, the donor’s DNA can be chromosomal or plasmid, but must be free/naked DNA

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or False: In conjugation, contact
between donor and
recipient is not required

A

False - it IS required!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In conjugation, transfer of a
conjugative plasmid,
start from the ____ end
of the nicked DN
A. 5’ end
B. 3’ end

A

A. 5’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In conjugation, transfer of ‘nick DNA’ occurs during ____

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or False: In conjugation, both ssDNA strands (from donor and
recipient cell) remain single stranded!

A

False - are made dsDNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

True or False: There is specific host range for conjugative plasmid

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

If possessing latent phage, the
bacterial cell is said to be _____

A

lysogenized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the two types of transduction?

A
  1. Generalized
  2. Specialized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

True or False: Generalized transduction is mediated by both lytic and temperate bacteriophage

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Why are ALL donor genes equally likely to be transferred/transduced
during generalized transduction?

A

Host chromosome is broken down into fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Random fragment of bacterial DNA is accidentally encapsulated in a phage protein coat. This best describes which type of transduction:
A. Generalized Transduction
B. Specific Transduction

A

A. Generalized Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

In generalized transduction, all regions of the bacterial chromosome can be transduced, but only bacterial _____ (no phage DNA!!) will be in transducing particles

A

chromosomal DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

True or False: Transfer of drug resistance in Staphylo is an example of generalized transduction

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Prophage integrates into bacterial chromosome and, occasionally, prophage DNA is incorrectly excised, taking adjoining specific bacterial DNA with it.

This best explains:
A. Generalized Transduction
B. Specialized Transduction

A

B. Specialized Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In specialized transduction, the transducing particles carry both host ___ DNA and ___ DNA

A

host chromosomal DNA; phage DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

True or False: In both generalized and specialized transduction, the recombinants have the same genotype from both the donor and recipient

A

False - in both cases, they have a genotype that is UNALIKE both donor or recipient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

In ____, transducing phage infects new host cell (after phage replicants) where recombinant (cross over) can occur
A. Generalized Transduction
B. Specialized Transduction
C. Both generalized and specialized transduction

A

C. Both generalized and specialized transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The host range of the phages is a limitation of both ___ and ___

A

transduction and conjugation

56
Q

Significance of transduction?

A

Resulted in the transfer of abx resistance and virulence factors among bacteria (e.g toxin)

57
Q

True or False: In generalized transduction, donor genes are likely to be transferred unequally

A

False - in generalized transduction, ALL donor genes are EQUALLY likely to be transferred

58
Q

Specialized transduction is only mediated only by which bacteriophages?
A. Lytic (virulent) phage
B. Temperate phage

A

B. Temperate phages

59
Q

In specialized transduction, transducing particles carry both host ___ DNA and ___ DNA

A

chromosomal; phage

60
Q

True or False: In both GENERALIZED and SPECIALIZED transduction, RECOMBINATION can occur and create genotypes different from either the donor or recipient

A

True

61
Q

When a recipient bacterium exhibits a NEW PHENOTYPE due to the acquisition of a prophage (latent bacteriophage), ____ ____ occurs.

A. Phagic conversion
B. Lysogenic converstion

A

B. Lysogenic conversion

62
Q

Acquisition of antibiotic resistance; diphtheria toxin acquired by Corynebacterium; and SPE acquired by streptococcus are all examples of _____

A

lysogenic conversion

63
Q

____: double stranded covalently closed circular DNA molecules that reside in bacterial cytoplasm

A

Plasmid

64
Q

True or False: Plasmids are extrachromosomal elements but are unable to insert into the chromosome

A

False - they are ECE and can insert into the chromosome

65
Q

True or False: Plasmids encode traits that are not essential fro viability and replicate independent of chromosome (replicon)

A

True

66
Q

____ provide mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within population of microbes and typically provides selective advantage under a given environmental state

A

Plasmids

67
Q

True or False: Plasmids require direct, mechanical transfer by conjugation or the intentional uptake of genetic element by transformation

A

True

68
Q

True or False: Plasmids smaller than 7.5 kb pairs are usually:
1) non-conjugative
2) have high copy numbers
3) rely on bacterial host to provide some fxtions require for replication

Larger plasmids (>40 kb) are usually:
1) conjugative
2) have small copy numbers
3) code for ALL functions required for their replication

A

True

69
Q

Plasmids be easily purified and used as ___

A

vectors

70
Q

What three ways can plasmids be transferred?

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transformation
  3. Transduction (rare)
71
Q

________: plasmids that mediate conjugation. These plasmids are usually LARGE and have all the genes necessary for autonomous replication + for transfer of DNA to recipient (genes for sex pilus)

_____: Non-conjugative plasmids are those that cannot mediate conjugation. They are usually smaller than conjugative plasmids and they lack one or more of the genes needed for transfer of DNA

A. Conjugative plasmids
B. Non-conjugative plasmids
C. Fertility plasmids

A

A. Conjugative plasmids
B. Non-conjugative plasmids

72
Q

What are five phenotypic plasmids?

A
  1. Fertility plasmids (F Factor)
  2. Bacteriocinogenic plasmids (col factor)
  3. Resistance plasmids (R Factors)
  4. Degradative plasmids
  5. Virulence plasmids
73
Q

_____: plasmids that have genes which code for substances that kill other bacteria. These substances are called colicins or bacteriocins.

A. Fertility Plasmid (F Factors)
B. Resistance Plasmids
(R Factors)
C. Bacteriocinogenic Plasmids (col factor)

A

C. Bacteriocinogenic Plasmids (col factor)

74
Q

Which plasmids carry antibiotic resistance genes?
A. Fertility Plasmid (F Factors)
B. Resistance Plasmids
(R Factors)
C. Bacteriocinogenic Plasmids (col factor)
D. Degradative Plasmids

A

B. Resistance Plasmids
(R Factors)

75
Q

Which plasmids enable digestion of unusual substances (e.g toluene or salicylic acid)?
A. Fertility Plasmid (F Factors)
B. Resistance Plasmids
(R Factors)
C. Bacteriocinogenic Plasmids (col factor)
D. Degradative Plasmids

A

D. Degradative Plasmids

76
Q

True or False: Virulence plasmids turn the bacterium into a pathogen (siderophores for iron uptake, toxins)

A

True

77
Q

What are the 3 medically important properties of
pathogens?

A
  1. Antibiotic resistance
  2. Toxins producing
    - heat-labile/heat-stable enterotoxins of E coli
    -exfoliative toxin of Staphylococcus aureus,
    -Neurotoxin of Clostridium
  3. Synthesis of cell surface structures required for adherence/colonization
78
Q

____ is a useful method for assessing possible relatedness of clinical isolates of particular bacterial species, based on size of plasmids

A

Plasmid profiles

79
Q

What is a positive match in a plasmid profile?

A

Strains of the same organism that have SAME number and SIZE plasmids

80
Q

True or False: Strains with different NUMBERS of and SIZES of plasmids are not epidemiologically related

A

True

81
Q

True or False: Plasmids encoding ZFN could be used to deliver therapeutic gene to pre-selective chromosomal site, offer way to cause SITE SPECIFIC ds break to DNA genome and cause homo recomb

A

True

82
Q

____: segments of DNA that can move within genome or plasmids and are widespread among prok/euk/viruses

A

Transposons

83
Q

Unlike plasmids, transposons do not contain genetic info necessary for their own ___(meaning transposons are NOT replicons!)

A

replication

84
Q

What does replication of transposon depend on?

A

Physical integration with a genome replicon

85
Q

True or False: Transposons may cause mutation and increased or decreased amount of DNA in genome

A

True

86
Q

___: an enzyme that catalyzes insertion of transposon at new site

A

Transposase

87
Q

True or False: The inverted terminal repeat flanks the coding region for the transposase; it marks point at which transposon in removed or reinserted into genome

A

True

88
Q

What is a diagnostic feature of mobile genetic elements?
A. Transposase
B. Target Site Repeat

A

B. Target site repeats

89
Q

What insertion elements make up a transposon?

A
  1. Transposase
    -Gene producing an enzyme that catalyzes insertion of transposon at new site
  2. Inverted Terminal Repeat
    - Flanks coding region for transposase
    - Marks point at which transposon is removed or reinserted into genome
  3. Target Site Repeats/Direct Repeats
    - Short stretch of genomic DNA that’s repeated on either side of insertion element
    -Diagnostic feature of mobile genetic elements!
90
Q

True or False: Transposons have a low specificity to insertion site

A

True

91
Q
A
92
Q
A

kkk

93
Q

Which transposon corresponds to bacteria and consists only of DNA that moves directly from place to place?
A. Class I
B. Class II
C. Class III

A

B. Class II

94
Q

___ transposons carry genes for specialized
functions such as antibiotic resistance and are flanked by IE

A

Complex

95
Q

How does one detect genetic exploitation of transposons?

A

Selection of specialized genetic info (e.g antibiotic resistance) that they carry

96
Q

Dissemination of transposons throughout a population is made possible by insertion of ___ into plasmid

Plasmids are transferred among bacterial cells primarily via ____

A

transposon; conjugation

97
Q
A
98
Q

True or False: Bacterial Transposons (Class 2) use cut and paste process (whereby transposons is cut out of location and inserted into new location)

A

True

99
Q

True or False: Class I transposons are known to be involved in changes in traits, such as: colony morphology, pigmentation, antigenic features

A

False - class II

100
Q

Transposon that carry a selectable marker
(such as antibiotic resistance) has been used to make random mutations in the
genome of pathogen. This is known as: _____ ______.

A

transposon mutagenesis

101
Q

True or False: When transposons are used for research, the mutants are screened for loss of virulence
due to interruption by the transposon. This also serves a marker to locate the gene of
interest.

A

True

102
Q

True or False: In medically important bacteria, genes that
determine production of adherence antigens,
toxins, or other virulence factors, or specify
resistance to one or more antibiotics, are
often located in complex transposons

A

True

103
Q

When a transposon is incorporated into a
plasmid, it can leave the host cell and move
to another cell, which is one way to spread
______

A

virulence factor

104
Q

How are Pathogenicity Islands (PI) acquired?

They encode genes that contribute to the ___ of the pathogen

A

horizontal gene transfer; virulence

105
Q

True or False: PI’s are incorporated in the genome of PATHOGENIC bacteria but are
usually absent from NON-PATHOGENIC
organisms of the same or closely related
species

A

True

106
Q

Which genes are associated with Pathogenicity Islands?
A. mRNA
b. tRNA
c. gRNA
d. nuclear cDNA

A

b. tRNA (target site for integration of DNA)

107
Q

Pathogenicity Islands contain high levels of which two nucleotides (___ and ____) and are flanked by ___ repeats (sequence of bases at two ends are the same)

A

guanosine and cytosine; direct

Note: given then they are flanked by direct repeats, they have features of transposons

108
Q

What features do pathogenicity islands share with transposons?

A
  1. Carry functional genes
  2. May move from one tRNA locus to another on the chromosome or plasmid
109
Q

What type of bacteria are PI’s predominately found in?
A. Gram (+)
B. Gram (-)
C. Archea

A

B. Gram (-)

110
Q

True or False: Typical examples of PI’s are: adhesins, toxins, iron uptake systems, invasins

A

True

111
Q

Do genomic islands play a role in microbial evolution?

A

Yes!

112
Q

____: DNA/RNA viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bactriophage

113
Q

Many different genomic islands have been discovered in a variety of pathogenic as well
as non-pathogenic bacteria acquired by
_________

A

horizontal gene transfer

114
Q

Viral DNA (prophage) either:
1) integrates into host cell chromosome
2) functions as a ___ in the bacterial cytoplasm

A

plasmid

115
Q

Bacteria with latent phages (have prophages) are said to be ___

A

lysosgenized

116
Q

A typical genomic island (GEI) is flanked by ____ structures

A

direct repeat (DR)

117
Q

Typically, GEIs carry multiple functional and fragmented _____ (IS) elements and other mobility-related genes

A

insertion sequence

118
Q

Antigenic variation of Type IV Pilus of N. Gonorrhea from silent to expressed loci is an example of ____ variation

A

phenotypic variation

119
Q

True or False: Conjugation involves cell:cell contact while transduction occurs via bacteriophage (bacterial virus)

A

True

120
Q

Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation all have what three things in common?

A

External and unilateral transfer of genetic information

121
Q

True or False: For transformation to occur, acceptance of DNA from donor is specific

A

False - non-specific

122
Q

For transformation to occur, donor’s DNA can be chromosomal or plasmid. However, what type of DNA must it be?
A. double stranded
B. free/naked
C. induceable

A

B. free/naked

123
Q

True or False: Transformation can occur naturally but cannot be induced using artificial means

A

False - can be done naturally or artificially

124
Q

What is being transferred during conjugation?

A

Conjugative plasmid

125
Q

If a bacterial cell contains a latent phage, the cell is said to be _____

A

lysogenized

126
Q

Which phage replicates using both lytic and lysogenic cycles?

A

Temperate Phage

127
Q

Specialized transduction is mediated by only _____, which integrates into the host cell DNA

A

temperate bacteriophage

128
Q

True or False: In generalized transduction, the genes that are transferred are only the ones that lie close to point of insertion of the prophage

A

False - this occurs with specialized transduction

129
Q

“Pathogen error” is associated with _____ transduction while ______ is due to “snipping error” due to prophage making a mistake and, ultimately, carrying a portion of donor DNA with them

A

Generalized Transduction; Specialized Transduction

130
Q

True or False: Lysogenic conversion is limited by host range of phage

A

True

131
Q

Which plasmid mediates conjugation and is large (has all genes needed for autonomous replication and transfer of DNA to recipient)
A. Conjugative Plasmid
B. Non-Conjugative Plasmid

A

A. Conjugative Plasmid

132
Q

___ plasmid are transferred during conjugation while ____ plasmids carry antibiotic resistance genes

A

Fertility plasmid (F Factor); Resistance plasmids (R Factor)

133
Q

_____ Transposons (Class II) cut themselves out from their original location and insert themselves somewhere else in the genome. ___ Transposons (Class I) make a copy of themselves that inserts into a new location, leaving original transposon intact
A. DNA; RNA
B. RNA; DNA
C. DNA; DNA
D. RNA; DNA

A

A. DNA; RNA

134
Q

A typical genomic island is flanked by _____ and carry multiple functional and fragmented insertion sequences

A

direct repeat structures

135
Q

True or False: Some bacteriophages exist in latent states (prophage)

A

True
- No harm to bacterial cell

136
Q

For bacteriophages, the viral DNA (prophage) either integrates into ____ chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal ____ in bacterial cytoplasm

A

host cell chromosome; plasmid

Medical Microbiology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions