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Medical Microbiology > L25 (Blood and Tissue Protozoans) - B > Flashcards

L25 (Blood and Tissue Protozoans) - B Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____: An acute infectious disease of the blood caused by 1 of 4 species of the protozoal genus, Plasmodium

A

Malaria

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2
Q

Which two ways can plasmodial parasite be transmitted?

A
  1. Bite of female Anopheles mosquito
  2. Use of blood-contaminated needle
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3
Q

Plasmodium vivax only infects ___ cells while Plasmodium malariae infects only ____ cells
A. Leukocytes; Granulocytes
B. Granulocytes; Reticulocytes
C. Reticulocytes; RBC

A

C. Reticulocytes; RBC

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4
Q

Benign Tertian Malaria causes a fever every third day due to highly synchronous 48 hr life cycle?

Which microbe is this disease associated with?
A. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium malariae
C. Plasmodium falciparum

A

A. Plasmodium vivax

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5
Q

Malignant tertian malaria is associated with fever cycle every 3rd day (similar to: Benign Tertian Malaria) – however, it tends to be less synchronous than other species.

Which microbe is most closely associated with this condition?

A. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium malariae
C. Plasmodium falciparum

A

C. Plasmodium falciparum

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6
Q

_____ is the most severe form of malaria and can cause high level of parasitemia because it is able to infect RBC’s of all ages!!!
A. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium malariae
C. Plasmodium falciparum

A

C. Plasmodium falciparum

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7
Q

Which of the following causes Quartian malaria (characterized by fever spikes every 4th day due to synchronous life cycle of 72 hrs)?
A. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium malariae
C. Plasmodium falciparum

A

B. Plasmodium malariae

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8
Q

The trophozoites of ___ ___are often band-shaped. However, RBC’s are not enlarged and there is no Schuffner dots.
A. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium malariae
C. Plasmodium falciparum

A

B. Plasmodium malariae

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9
Q

True or False: Plasmodium falciparum is associated with RBC’s that contain Schuffner dots

A

False - this is seen in Plasmodium vivax

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10
Q

_____: “Ovale” malaria (characterized by 3rd day cycle – similar to P. vivax, but milder). It is the least common of all species.

A

Plasmodium Ovale

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11
Q

Schuffner cells are associated with ____ and ____

A

P. ovale and P. vivax

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12
Q

______: Originally known to infect macaque monkeys of South Pacific – unclear if mosquitos are needed for transmission. Therefore: it is still considered to be a zoonotic malaria.
Only able to identify via: genotyping!!!!!!

A. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium malariae
C. Plasmodium falciparum
D. P. knowlesi

A

D. P. knowlesi

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13
Q

True or False: Obligate intracellular protozoan parasites cause malaria

A

True

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14
Q

Memorize this, ok???

A
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15
Q

True or False: The male Anopheles mosquito is the vector of malaria

A

False - the female Anopheles mosquito is the vector of malaria

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16
Q

What is the name to describe the sexual phase of the malaria life cycle? the asexual phase?

A

sexual = sporogony

asexual = schizogony

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17
Q

Compare and contrast schizogony and sporogony:

A
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18
Q

Sporogony (sexual phase) occurs in the ___ (definitive host) while

Schizogony occurs in the ____ (intermediate host)

A

mosquito
human

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19
Q

How do sporozoites form in sporogony?

A

Union of female and male gametes (infective in humans)

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20
Q

True or False: The sporozoite corresponds to infective stage in malaria

A

True

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21
Q

What can cause malaria relapse?

A

Hypnozoite

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22
Q

What does the exo-erythrocytic cycle ( 1 round only! ) of P. Vivax produce?

A

Schizont
Hypnozoite
Merozoite

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23
Q

Which molecule of P.vivax lifecycle infects RBC?
A. Schizont
B. Hypnozoite
C. Merozoite

A

C. Merozoite

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24
Q

True or False: Ring stage is the diagnostic stage of malaria

A

True

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25
Q

Compare the erythrocytic cycle of P. vivax to that of the Erythrocytic cycle:

A
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26
Q

When a mosquito takes a blood meal it injects _____ and ingests ____

A

injects = sporozoites
ingests = gameteocytes

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27
Q

True or False: The gametocyte allows for sporogony / sexual stage to begin

A

True

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28
Q

In the malaria life-cycle, ___ are ingested when mosquito first takes blood meal.

____ are formed within mosquito (sexual stage)

A

Gametocytes; sporozoites

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29
Q

In the malaria life cycle, sporozoites migrate through blood stream to liver, where they form ____ (differentiates into hepatic ____ with merozoites)

A

merozoites; schizonts

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30
Q

In the malaria life cycle, infected hepatocytes rupture and release merozoites, which invade RBC. However, ____ remains in the liver.

A

Hypnozoites

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31
Q

In the malaria lifecycle, the merozoite becomes the ____ (ring form) in RBC

A

trophozoite

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32
Q

True or False: In malaria life cycle, there are RBC in which trophozoite multiplies, producing new merozoites (differentiates into an erythrocytic schizont with merozoites)

A

True

33
Q

In malaria lifecycle, ___ are released when RBC rupture and can infect other RBC’s. In fact, some become gametocytes!
A. tropozoites
B. merozoites
C. sporozoites

A

B. merozoites

34
Q

_____ are an infective form for humans found in salavary gland of female anopheline mosquito
A. Trophozoites
B. Merozoites
C. Sporozoites
D. Hypnozoites

A

C. Sporozoite

35
Q

Where does the sporozoite seen in malaria quickly home into? What does it become there?

A

Homes into liver parenchyma

Becomes: hepatic schizont

36
Q

____: Latent form found in hepatocytes, may persist for months to years before rupturing and releasing merozoites
A. Trophozoites
B. Merozoites
C. Sporozoites
D. Hypnozoites

A

D. Hypnozoites

37
Q

Which two species (those that cause relapsing malaria) produce Hypnozoite?

A
  1. P. vivax
  2. P. ovale
38
Q

____: refers to reactivation of infection by hypnozoites

A

Relapse

39
Q

_____: Actively growing amoeboid feeding forms (ring forms) that are found intracellularly in RBC’s and develop into schizonts with more merozoites
A. Trophozoites
B. Merozoites
C. Sporozoites
D. Hypnozoites

A
40
Q

_____: Form developed from a trophozoite that has undergone asexual multiplication
A. Trophozoites
B. Merozoites
C. Sporozoites
D. Hypnozoites
E. Schizont

A

E. Schizont

41
Q

True or False: Each schizont (erythrocytic) contains a species-determined number of merozoites

A

True

42
Q

Hepatic and Erythrocytic ____ are the end products of schizogony (asexual phase)
A. Trophozoites
B. Merozoites
C. Sporozoites
D. Hypnozoites
E. Schizont

A

B. Merozoites

43
Q

True or False: Merozoites are the daughter cells of a schizont and are release from liver parenchymal cells or RBC’s

A

True

44
Q

_____: Pre-gamete stages which can mature into gametes when acquire by an Anopheles mosquito

A

Gametocytes

45
Q

True or False: Microgametes are found in males while macrogametocyes are found in females – together, these continue the sexual cycle

A

True

46
Q

____ are the target of vaccine development

A

Sporozoites

47
Q

____ and ____ form hyponozoites while ___ and ____ do not

A

P. vivax/ovale - do
P. falciparum/malariae - do NOT

48
Q

True or False: Schizonts and mature trophs of P. falciparum are easy to find in peripheral circulation

A

False - usually only in ring forms, merozoites, immature trophs, gametocytes

49
Q

What triggers cyclic paroxysms?

A

Synchronous 1) rupture of infected erythrocytes 2) release of merozoites

50
Q

____: Sudden recurrence of disease
____: Abatement of fever

A

Paroxysm
Defervescence

51
Q

If a patient has non-specific symptoms that may be mistakes for viral syndrome or influenza, which stage of malaria may they be in?
A. Prodrome
B. Paroxysm

A

A. Prodrome

  • Early synchronicity of infection
52
Q

High fever, chills, and rigor that is caused by synchronous lysis of RBC’s and release of merozoites + metabolic waste products describe which key symptom of malaria?
A. Prodrome
B. Paroxysm

A

B. Paroxysm

53
Q

Most of the pathologic findings of malaria result from destruction of ___

A

RBC’s

54
Q

What are two ways that RBC’s are destroyed in malaria?

A

1) Release of merozoites
2) Action of spleen to sequester infected cells + lyse them

55
Q

How can one develop cerebral malaria from infection by P. falciparum malaria?

A

Occlusion of capillaries

56
Q

Why can P. falciparum malaria lead to hemoglinuria?

A

1) Extensive hemolysis + kidney damage
2) Blackwater fever
3) Acute renal failure

57
Q

How do you dx malaria?

A

Thick and thin blood stained with Giemsa stain

58
Q

True or False: In malaria dx, Thick Blood Smear is used to screen for PRESENCE of organisms while Thin Blood Smear is used for species IDENTIFICATION

A

Tru

59
Q

How to provide malaria prophylaxis to travelers?

A

Vaccine
- Targets induction of Ab against sporozoite surface proteins

60
Q

___ ____: A sporozoan that can cause Babesiosis.

A

Babesia microti

61
Q

How is B. microti similar to malaria? different?

A

Similar - both intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites

Differences
- B. microti’s vector is a tick and reservoir is white footed mouse

62
Q

True or False: B. microti has exoerythrocytic cycles (liver stages) like malaria

A

False - unlike malaria, B. microti does NOT have exoerythrocytic cycles

63
Q

___ is accidental and intermediate host of B. microti

A

Human

64
Q

How is Babesiosis transmitted?

A

Bite of infected tick

65
Q

Clinical manifestations of Babesiosis?

A

Persistent fever, but not recurrent!!!

66
Q

What abnormal lab finding would suggest Babesiosis?

A

-Lysis of RBC by parasite
- Elevated liver tests
- Hemolytic anemia
- Elevated reticulocyte

67
Q

A “maltese cross” suggests which condition?

A

Babesia

68
Q

______: A tissue protozoan (sporozoan) and obligate intracellular parasite causing systemic disease

A

T. gondii

69
Q

What are the two trophozoite form of T. gondii that are found in humans?

A

1) Tachyzoite: Actively proliferating trophozoite that can infect any nucleated cell, but has predilection for MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES

2) Bradyzoite: Cyst or pseudocyts that harbors dormant form (predominately found in brain, skeletal m/cardiac m)

70
Q

Which animal is the definitive host of T. gondii?

A

Cat

  • Humans are intermediate (dead end host)
71
Q

If human hosts are infected with T. gondii, they will likely form ___ ___ (skeletal m, brain, eyes, myocardium)

A

tissue cysts

72
Q

True or False: In T. gondii, infected macrophages distribute tachyzoites throughout body

A

True

73
Q

True or False: In T. gondii, pseudocysts are produced in response to humoral immunity

A

False - in response to ACQUIRED immunity!

74
Q

True or False: Asexual cycle occurs in all cell types in T. gondii

A

True

75
Q

How to dx Toxoplasmosis?

A

1) Stain CSF
2) PCR - amniotic fluid

76
Q

What happens if a healthy person gets toxoplasmosis vs. a baby (congenital)??

A

Healthy
- asymptomatic
- mild, flu

Congenital
- stillborn

77
Q

True or False: Retinochoroiditis is a severe eye disease that can arise as a result of Toxoplasmosis infection

A

True

78
Q

Three ways that Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted?

A

1) Foodborne
2) Zoonotic
- cat
- gardening
- water
3) Congenital

79
Q

Which two patient populations are at risk of exposure to Toxoplasmosis?

A
  1. Pregnant women
  2. Immunocompromised

Medical Microbiology (31 decks)

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