L1 and L2: Intro, Functional Anatomy, and Life Cycle Flashcards
True or False: Prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane and contain a single, circular molecule of DNA
True
True or False: Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane and use mitosis for both division and sexual repro
False - while eukaryotes do have nuclear membranes, they use mitosis for division and meiosis for sexual repro
How do prokaryotes divide? sexually reproduce?
Prokaryotes divide via: binary fission
and use horizontal gene transfer for repro
True or False: prokaryotes have membranes that CONTAIN sterols
False - prokaryotes have membranes that usually LACK sterols
50S, 30S, and 70S are found in ____ while 40S, 60S, and 80S are found in ____
50S, 30S, and 70S = Prokaryotes
40S, 60S, and 80S = Eukaryotes
Compare respiratory system in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes:
Prokaryotes - plasma membrane
Eukaryotes - mitochondria
What type of cell wall is present in prokaryote vs. eukaryotes?
Prokaryote - peptidoglycan cell wall
Eukaryote - polysaccharide cell wall
True or False: eukaryotes have endospores
False - only prokaryotes!
True or False: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cytoskeleton
True
(in eukaryotes: tubulin, actin, and IF)
How do flagella compare in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes: submicroscopic, single-repeating peptide
Eukaryotes: 9+2 arrangement of microtubules; microscopic
True or False: Gliding is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
True
(in eukaryotes: amoeboid and pseudopodia)
True or False: Mycoplasma and Polio virus are two of the largest bacteria/virus while Bacilus anthracis and pox virus is one of the smallest
False - Mycoplasma and Polio virus are one of the SMALLEST while Bacilus anthracis and Pox Virus is one of the LARGEST
How can T. pallidum best be seen?
A. Darkfield microscopy
B. Bright field microscopy
A. Darkfield microscopy
Which stain will stain CELLS and not the extracellular medium?
A. Positive
B. Negative
A. Positive
Which stain will stain the EXTRACELLULAR MEDIUM and not the cells?
A. Positive
B. Negative
B. Negative
- Note: India ink for visualizing capsules
True or False: Gram positive cell wall/peptidoglycan layer retains crystal violet-iodine complex, while Gram negative wall does not
True
What are the steps of staining bacteria?
Crystal violet
Iodine (fixative)
Alcohol (decolorizer)
Safranin (counterstain)
Which two gram (+) bacteria stain Gram-variable and Gram(-) negative, respectively?
A. Listeria; Lactobacillus
B. Enterococcus; Gardnerella
C. Garderella; Mobiluncus
C. Garderella; Mobiluncus
True or False: 70S exists in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
True - mitochondria in eukaryotes is 70S
What are the five steps to staining?
1) Fixation (heat)
2) Crystal Violet
3) Iodine Treatment
4) Decolorization (alcohol)
5) Counter stain (safranin)
You have a Gram (+) bacteria. However, after doing the staining procedure, it becomes red (not purple). Why is this?
Forgot to treat with iodine (therefore: bacteria did not get fixed with the primary stain)
In the second step of staining, crystal violet is administered to the bacteria, causing both gram positive and gram negative bacteria to turn ___
In the third step of staining, bacteria is treated with iodine, causing both gram positive and negative bacteria to turn ___
blue
purple
During the decolorization phase of staining, what color is the gram (+) bacteria? Gram (-) bacteria?
Gram (+) = Purple
Gram (-) = None
At the final stage of staining, what color is gram (+) bacteria? Gram (-) bacteria?
Gram (+) = purple
Gram (-) = red
What can occur if you over decolorize Gram (+) bacteria? What can occur if you under decolorize Gram (-) bacteria?
Gram (+) = translucent to red
Gram (-) = purple to purple
What are the three types of cellular arrangements that bacteria can take?
Diplococci (kidney bean or lancet) ; Chain ; Cluster
What are the five types of cellular morphology that bacteria can have?
1) Cocci
2) Rod
3) Helicoidal
4) Pleomorphic Bacillus
5) Endospore
What are the four medically significant gram (+) bacteria that end in -coccus?
1) Strepto
2) Staphylo
3) Entero
4) Peptostrepto
True or False: Clostridium is a medically significant gram NEGATIVE bacteria
False - clostridium is a medically significant gram (+) bacteria
What are the four medically significant gram (+) bacteria that end in -bacterium?
1) Corynebacterium
2) Bifidobacterium
3) Propionibacterium
4) Cutibacterium
What are the two medically significant gram (+) bacteria that end in -cillus?
Bacillus and Lactobacillus
True or False: Both Gardnerella and Mobiluncus are structurally gram (+)
True
What are the three medically important “kidney bean” shaped GRAM NEGATIVE diplococci?
1) Neisseria
2) Moraxella
3) Veillonella
True or False: This is a gram (+) bacteria diplococci, known as N. gonorrhoeae
False - while this is N. gonorrhoeae - it is a gram negative diplococci
Which medically important “lancet-shaped” diplococci is this?
A. Listeria
B. Neisseria
C. Streptococcus pneumonia
C. Streptococcus pneumonia
True or False: This is an acid fast positive (pink) bacteria, which utilizes a: Carbol Fuchsin/ Ziehl-Neelsen stain
True
Mycobacteria and Nocardia are: _____
A. Gram (+) Bacteria
B. Gram (-) Bacteria
C. Viruses
D. Endospore Formers
E. Acid-Fast Bacteria
E. Acid-Fast Bacteria
Mycobacteria and Nocardia are: _____
A. Gram (+) Bacteria
B. Gram (-) Bacteria
C. Viruses
D. Endospore Formers
E. Acid-Fast Bacteria
E. Acid-Fast Bacteria
Clostridium and Bacillus are: ____
A. Gram (+) Bacteria
B. Gram (-) Bacteria
C. Viruses
D. Endospore Formers
E. Acid-Fast Bacteria
D. Endospore Formers
True or False: This is an example of bacterial endospore formers
True
Which of the following gram-negative comma (vibrio) shaped bacteria is shown?
A. Vibrio
B. Helicobacter
C. Campylobacter
B. Helicobacter (H. pylori)
Which of the following gram-negative comma (vibrio) shaped bacteria is shown?
A. Vibrio
B. Helicobacter
C. Campylobacter
C. Campylobacter
Which of the following gram-negative comma (vibrio) shaped bacteria is shown?
A. Vibrio
B. Helicobacter
C. Campylobacter
A. Vibrio (V. cholera)
Bipolar staining is used and the bacteria have a safety-pin appearance. What two features can you determine about this bacteria given these facts?
A. Gram positive, bacillus
B. Gram positive, cocci
C. Gram negative, rod
D. Gram negative, helicoidal
C. Gram negative, rod
Which gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria caused the plague?
Which gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria can arise via animal bites?
Plague - Yersinia pestis
Animal bites - Pasteurella
True or False: E.coli and Klebsiella are rod shaped, gram (+) bacteria
False - while they are rod shaped, they are gram (-)
Identify the following stains:
Which of the following is shown?
A. Streptococci (chain)
B. Staphylococci (cluster)
B. Staphylococci (cluster)
Which of the following is shown?
A. Streptococci (chain)
B. Staphylococci (cluster)
A. Streptococci (chain)
True or False: Both Staphylococci and Streptococci are gram positive bacteria
True
___ is shown to be a very short rod
Coccobacillus
What type of arrangement does Klebsiella, a gram negative, rod shaped bacteria, have?
A. Chain
B. Single
B. Single
What type of arrangement does Bacillus have?
A. Chain
B. Single
A. Chain
True or False: Diptheroids are thin-branching filamentous rods
False - diptheroids are club-shaped rods
Which of the following is shown:
A. Corynebacterium
B. Nocardia
C. Actinomyces
D. Vibrio
A. Corynebacterium