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COB Molecular > Lec 2. Chromosomes & Genomes > Flashcards

Lec 2. Chromosomes & Genomes Flashcards

1
Q

What are telomeres?

A

The ends of linear chromosomes

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2
Q

What are the Origins of replication?

A

Where the replication bubble starts

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3
Q

What do centromeres do?

A

Connects sister chromatids

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4
Q

True or False? Telomeres & Centromeres are Eukaryote specific.

A

True

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5
Q

What two categories does repetitive DNA contain?

A

Highly repetitive and Middle repetitive.

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6
Q

What falls under highly repetitive?

A

Satellite DNA

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7
Q

What falls under Middle repetitive?

A

Tandem repeats & Interspersed Retrotransposons

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8
Q

What falls under Tandem repeats?

A

Micro-satellites, Mini-satellites, and Multiple copy genes

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9
Q

What falls under interspersed retrotransposons?

A

SINEs and LINEs

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10
Q

What is an example of multiple copy genes?

A

rRNA genes

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11
Q

What is an example of Mini-satellites?

A

VNTRs

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12
Q

What is an example of Micro-satellites?

A

STRs

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13
Q

What is an example of SINEs?

A

Alu

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14
Q

What is an example of LINEs?

A

L1

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15
Q

What are retrotransposons?

A

Middle repetitive, relics from past virus integrations. Some can cut and paste at will.

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16
Q

What are SINEs?

A

Retrotransposons that are short

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17
Q

What are LINEs?

A

Retrotransposons that are long

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18
Q

What is one of the driving forces of evolution?

A

Gene duplication. Tandem repeats

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19
Q

What is the fastest way to produce ribosomes?

A

To have multiple copies of rRNA genes.

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20
Q

What are VNTRs and STRs used for?

A

DNA fingerprinting

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21
Q

What are VNTRs and STRs?

A

Tandem repeats. Mini-satellites and Micro-satellites. Dispersed randomly in genome. Can cause disease, Huntingtons, Fragile X.

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22
Q

What is Satellite DNA?

A

High repetitive. Found in regions of heterochromatin. Can be transcribed during development.

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23
Q

How does a genome that is small and circular get compacted?

A

Supercoiling

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24
Q

How does a genome that is large and linear get compacted?

A

Winding it around histones to form nucleosomes.

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25
Q

What is the DNA packaging order?

A

DNA-Nucleosomes-Chromatin-Chromatin loops-Decondensed Chromatin loops-Chromosome.

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26
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

Slightly or moderately compacted DNA found during interphase/G1 cell cycle.

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27
Q

What does DNA exist as after S-phase?

A

Sister chromatids

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28
Q

True or False? Chromosomes are not compacted during mitosis

A

False. Chromosomes are very compacted.

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29
Q

What are the two structures of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin & Euchromatin

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30
Q

What is the appearance of Heterochromatin?

31
Q

What is the appearance of Euchromatin?

32
Q

What is the activity of Heterochromatin?

33
Q

What is the activity of Euchromatin?

34
Q

What is the Histone Density for Heterochromatin?

35
Q

What is the histone Density for Euchromatin?

36
Q

Where is Heterochromatin located in the chromosome?

A

Telomeres,centromeres, and other repetitive regions.

37
Q

Where is Euchromatin located in the chromosome?

A

Coding DNA regions.

38
Q

What genes does Heterochromatin contain?

A

No genes or repressed genes.

39
Q

What genes does Euchromatin contain?

A

Actively expressed genes.

40
Q

When does Heterochromatin replicate?

A

Later in S phase.

41
Q

When does Euchromatin replicate?

A

Earlier in S phase.

42
Q

True or False? Chromosomes are spatially separated in the eukaryotic cell nucleas

43
Q

True or False? Just because chromosomes are compacted does not mean they arnt in the nucleus.

A

True. For example A Barr Body.

44
Q

What is A Barr Body?

A

inactivated (all heterochromatin)X-chromosome. Located in nucleus.

45
Q

How are nucleosomes held together?

A

By the attraction between +charged amino acids (Arg, Lys) and -charged sugar-PO4 backbone

46
Q

What is the directionality of proteins?

A

N terminus to C terminus.

47
Q

Where on the nucleosome are prime sites for modification?

A

Histone tails

48
Q

During modifications, Lysines can be

A

Acetylated and or methylated

49
Q

During modifications, Arginines can be

A

Methylated.

50
Q

During modifications, Serines can be

A

Phosphorylated

51
Q

What are writers?

A

Proteins that ADD histone markers

52
Q

What are Erasers?

A

Proteins that remove histone markers.

53
Q

What is an example of an Acetyl writer?

A

HAT (acetyltransferase)

54
Q

What is an example of an Acetyl Eraser?

A

HDAC (deacetylase)

55
Q

What is an example of a Methyl writer?

A

HMT (methyl transferase)

56
Q

What is an example of a Methyl eraser?

A

HDM (demethylase)

57
Q

What is an example of a Phosphate writer?

58
Q

What is an example of a Phosphate eraser?

A

Phosphatase

59
Q

What is an example of a Ubiquitin writer?

A

Ubiquitin Ligase (U3)

60
Q

What is an example of a Ubiquitin eraser?

A

DUB (Deubiquitinating Enzyme)

61
Q

What are readers?

A

Proteins that recognize histone marks

62
Q

What does Acetylation do?

63
Q

What does Methylation do?

64
Q

What does Phosphorylation and uqiquitination do?

A

Either increase or decrease histone density on DNA

65
Q

What stops heterochromatin formation?

A

A Barrier (insulator) sequence in DNA

66
Q

What three mechanism can a barrier protein act by?

A

Tethering, sheltering and re-writing.

67
Q

What does tethering do?

A

Creates a physical roadblock

68
Q

What does sheltering do?

A

Shelters euchromatin from view of heterochromatin.

69
Q

What does re-writing do?

A

Re-writing marks reverse heterochromatin

70
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Genetic change without mutation

71
Q

True or False? Histone marks are not heritable

A

False. Histone marks are heritable

72
Q

True or False? DNA can be methylated and/or acetylated just like histones

73
Q

What are some examples that result from changes in DNA methylation?

A

Imprinting disorders, cancer

74
Q

What is the C-value paradox?

A

DNA content does not relate to body complexity.

COB Molecular (36 decks)

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