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COB Molecular > 3.4 Cancer 1 > Flashcards

3.4 Cancer 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is adenoma?

A

Benign epithelial tumor with glandular organization

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2
Q

What is adenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant tumor of same type

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3
Q

Cancers have names that reflect what?

A

Their tissue origin

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4
Q

Where is basal cell carcinoma?

A

Keratinocyte stem cell in skin

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5
Q

Where is melanoma?

A

pigment cells in skin

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6
Q

What is the major dif between basal cell carcinoma vs melanoma?

A

Basal carcinomas rarely metastasize whereas malignant melonomas metastasize widely

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7
Q

What is a property of cancer?

A

invasiveness

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8
Q

What does metastases mean?

A

cancer cells break loose and enter into blood or lymph, travel to new areas and form 2ndary tumors.

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9
Q

What kills cancer patients?

A

Metastases

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10
Q

How are tumors developed in colon cancer?

A

Mutation in APC gene. Form polyps. Mutation in Ras becomes a cancer gene. Tumor moves out into bloodstream

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11
Q

True or False? Most cancer derive from a single abnormal cell

A

True

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12
Q

What is some evidence that most cancers derive from a single abnormal cell?

A

Philadelphia chromosome

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13
Q

Cancer cells contain what type of mutations?

A

Somatic

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14
Q

Carcinogenesis is linked to what?

A

Mutagenesis

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15
Q

What are two types of carcinogens?

A

Chemical and radiation

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16
Q

What is the best weapon against cancer?

A

Early detection

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17
Q

What things do cancerous growth depend on?

A

Defective apoptosis or defective growth

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18
Q

What is the most deadly aspect of cancer?

A

Metastasis

19
Q

What are some properties of cancer?

A

Self sufficient, less prone to apoptosis, induces angiogenesis. invasive to other tissues.

20
Q

What are the two genetic causes of cancer?

A

tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes

21
Q

What are cancer critical genes?

A

genes whose alteration frequently results in cancer.

22
Q

What are the two broad types of mutations in cancer?

A

Overactivity and underactivity.

23
Q

What type of mutation are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes associated with?

A

Overactivity-oncogenes. Underactivity-tumor suppressor.

24
Q

How do overactivity mutations happen?

A

single mutation event and activation of gene causing proliferation

25
Q

How do underactivity mutations happen?

A

One gene no effect, 2nd mutation causes problems.

26
Q

What can also cause cancer?

A

Viruses

27
Q

What is RSV and what can it do?

A

A retrovirus that can cause cancer in chickens.

28
Q

How do retroviruses causes cancer?

A

They hijack proto-oncogenes and activate them by either over-expression or cause them to be an oncogene.

29
Q

what was the first human oncogene?

A

Ras

30
Q

What is Ras?

A

Monomeric GTPase for signal transduction

31
Q

Ras oncogenes cant shut off by hydrolyzing GTP to

A

GDP

32
Q

Oncogenes are associated with

A

gain of function

33
Q

What are 4 ways to activate oncogenes?

A

Deletion or point mutation. Regulatory mutation. Gene amplification. Chromosomal rearrangement.

34
Q

What are 5 other ways to activate oncogenes?

A

Ligands, receptors, TF, cell cycle proteins, proteins that inhibit apoptosis.

35
Q

How do ligands produce cancer?

A

If ligands produce constructively they cause proliferation

36
Q

How do receptors cause cancer?

A

when RTKs are constructively produced.

37
Q

How do TF cause cancer?

A

Can constantly induce transcription.

38
Q

How do cell cycle proteins cause cancer?

A

Anything that can cause cell proliferation

39
Q

What is an example of a rearrangement mutation?

A

BCL2 oncogene

40
Q

How does B cell lymphoma originate from?

A

From translocated gene. 18 onto part of 14.

41
Q

What is the dif between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.*

A

Oncogenes are gain of function, tumor supressor are loss of function. Oncogenes need one mutation, tumor supressor need two mutations.

42
Q

Name two ways in which proto oncogenes are activated into oncogenes**

A

Viruses. Overactivity.

43
Q

Name 3 properties of cancer cells*

A

Self sufficient, less prone to apoptosis, induces angiogenesis. invasive to other tissues.

COB Molecular (36 decks)

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