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COB Molecular > 3.8 Development of multicellular organisms 2 > Flashcards

3.8 Development of multicellular organisms 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many phases are there in neural development?

A

3

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2
Q

What happens in phase 1?

A

Different cell types develop independently at widely separate location in embryo according to local program and are unconnected.

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3
Q

what happens in phase 2?

A

axons and dendrites grow along specific routes setting up a provisional but orderly network of connections between various parts of the system.

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4
Q

What happens in phase 3?

A

continues into adult life, connections are adjusted and refined through interaction with distant regions via electric signals.

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5
Q

Neurons are produced in association with what cells?

A

glial

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6
Q

Neurons and glial cells devlop from where?

A

ectoderm

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7
Q

What consists of the CNS?

A

brain spinal cord, retina

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8
Q

What consists of the PNS?

A

nerves, sensory nerves

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9
Q

The CNS is derived from what?

A

neural tube

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10
Q

The PNS is derived from what?

A

neural crest.

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11
Q

What does the sonic hedgehog do?

A

Activate latent genes, Transcription repression to activation. Depend on proteoglycans for function.

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12
Q

What does BMP do?

A

pattern formation, differentiation, secretion of extracellular matrix

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13
Q

The neural crest cells originate at what end of the neural tube?

A

dorsal end.

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14
Q

What 3 cell types does the neural crest produce?

A

neurons and glial cells of PNS. Epinephrine cells of adrenal gland. Skeletal and connective tissue components of the head.

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15
Q

Fate of the neural crest cells depends on what?

A

Where they migrate and settle

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16
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

cell body, long axon, and dendrites

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17
Q

Where is the growth cone?

A

Tip of axon/dendrite

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18
Q

What forms the axon?

A

one of the growth cone starts migrating fast and develops axon specific proteins

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19
Q

How is growth cone behavior dictated by?

A

its cytoskeltal machinery

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20
Q

What 2 things do growth cones throw out?

A

filopodia and lamelopodia

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21
Q

What two monomeric GTPases control the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments, which control movement of growth cone?

A

rho and Rac

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22
Q

how do growth cones know where to find their way? 2 ways

A

extracellular matrix environment and chemotactic factors.

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23
Q

How does the extracellular matrix environment work via growth cones?

A

Sensed by receptors present on membrane

24
Q

How do chemotactic factors work via growth cones?

A

Released by neighboring cells. Attract or repulse.

25
Q

What is contact guidance?

A

path taken by other cells that growth cones often follow

26
Q

the extracellular matrix is mediated by what molecules?

A

homophilic cell adhesion molecules

27
Q

What are the 2 classes of homophilic cell adhesion molecules?

A

immunoglobulin superfamily and cadherin family.

28
Q

Extracellular matrix provides a mechanism for what two things?

A

selective guidance and recognition

29
Q

Matrix molecules such as laminin favor what?

A

axonal outgrowth

30
Q

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans inhibit what?

A

growth

31
Q

Dorsal neurons of spinal cord receive and relay sensory info from what

A

sensory neurons located in the periphery of the body

32
Q

Ventral clusters of spinal cord neurons develop as what?

A

motor neurons

33
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

send out long axons to connect with specific subset of muscles

34
Q

Intermediate location has inter neurons that do what?

A

connect specific set of nerve cells to each other

35
Q

What are chemotactic factors?

A

secreted by cells, act as guidance factors at stretegic points along path

36
Q

What are 3 ex of chemotactic factors?

A

Slit, Semaphorin and Netrin

37
Q

What does the first stage of commissural neuron guidance depend on?

A

Secretion of netrin by cells of the floor plate

38
Q

binding of netrin to its receptor causes what?

A

opening of TRPC channels.

39
Q

opening of TRPC channels allows for what?

A

entry of extracellular calcium

40
Q

After calcium has entered, what does this lead to?

A

Lead to activation of machinery for filopodia and movement of growth cone.

41
Q

What neurons do not have netrin receptors?

A

Non commissural neurons

42
Q

Since non commissural neurons in neural tube dont have netrin receptors, what does this mean?

A

non commissural neurons dont migrate towards floor plate

43
Q

What cells secrete slit?

A

midline cells

44
Q

Whats the name of the slit receptor that is present on commissural neurons?

A

roundabout

45
Q

What does slit do?

A

repels growth cones and blocks entry to the midline

46
Q

What is semaphorin?

A

a repulsive signal that gets growth cones to become sensitive

47
Q

Why do growth cones travel in a narrow track?

A

Because they are trapped between 2 sets of repellents

48
Q

Do axonal growth cones reach their target cells?

A

yes

49
Q

When axonal growth cones reach their target cells what happens?

A

they halt, communicate and make synapses with target cells

50
Q

Signal from target tissue regulate what?

A

which growth cones synapse and where

51
Q

What two rules is synaptic remodeling dependent on?

A
  1. Axons from cells in dif regions of retina compete for tectal neurons. 2. Axons from neighboring sites which are excited at same time cooperate/collaborate to retain and strengthen synapses with tectal neurons
52
Q

What two things does activity dependent synaptic remodeling depend on?

A

electrical activity and synaptic signaling.

53
Q

Posterior retinal neuron axons prefer what type of tectal neurons?

A

anterior

54
Q

Anterior retinal neurons prefer what type of tectal neurons?

A

no preference.

55
Q

Neurons that fire together also what together?

A

wire together

56
Q

Synapses are strengthened by what?

A

external events that cause 2 or more neurons to be activated at the same time.

57
Q

What triggers lasting change in synaptic strength?

A

enty of calcium through the NMDA receptor

COB Molecular (36 decks)

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