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COB Molecular > 3.9 specialized tissues, stem cells > Flashcards

3.9 specialized tissues, stem cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells

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2
Q

why are stem cells important?

A

potential to develop into many dif cell types in the body

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3
Q

Stem cells can also serve as what to many tissues?

A

internal repair system.

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4
Q

What are 5 characteristics of stem cells?

A

can divide without limit. Can renew themselves. Not terminally differentiated. Can remain a stem cell or become differentiated. Undergo slow division

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5
Q

What is totipotency?

A

ability of a cell to give rise to all cells of an organism. Embryonic and extra embryonic tissues

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6
Q

What is an example of totiplotency?

A

zygote

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7
Q

What is pluripotency?

A

ability of a cell to give rise to all cells of the embryo and adult tissues

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8
Q

What is an ex of pluripotency?

A

embryonic stem cells

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9
Q

What is multipotency?

A

ability of a cell to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage

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10
Q

What is an ex of multipotency?

A

adult stem cells

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11
Q

What two ways are stem cells maintained?

A

asymmetric division and independent choice

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12
Q

What is asymmetric division?

A

creates 2 cells, one with stem cell characteristics and another with ability to differentiate.

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13
Q

What is independent choice?

A

division makes 2 identical cells but the outcome is stochastic or influenced by environment.

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14
Q

Which of the two (asymmetric or independent choice) is a better option?

A

independent choice

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15
Q

Differentiation of stem cells depends on what two types of signals?

A

internal and external signals

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16
Q

How are internal signals controlled by?

A

cells genes

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17
Q

How are the external signals controlled by?

A

cells micro environment.

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18
Q

Each organ/tissue has a fixed number what?

A

founder cell populations and fixed number of divisions

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19
Q

How are founder stem cells controlled?

A

by short range signals.

20
Q

Pertaining to founder stem cells, if the adult organ needs to be renewed, founder stem cells can what?

A

can divide, having one daughter cell that remains a stem cell and a set of cells that have a set number of transit amplifying divisions.

21
Q

What are transit amplifying cells?

A

cells that divide frequently and are mixed with stem cells

22
Q

Transit amplifying cells are programmed to divide for how many times?

A

limited number of times

23
Q

Adult stem cells are specific to what?

A

tissue

24
Q

What is the architecture of the skin? 3 layers

A

Epidermis, Dermis and hypodermis

25
Q

What does the epidermis do?

A

forms the outer covering of skin, creates a water barrier. continuously repaired and renewed.

26
Q

What is the Dermis?

A

second layer of skin, rich in collagen, provides toughness

27
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

fatty layer

28
Q

The epidermis is stratified layer made of what?

A

keratinocytes

29
Q

the basal cell layer is attached to what?

A

basal lamina

30
Q

prickle cells have what?

A

numerous desmosomes that attach tufts of keratin filaments

31
Q

Granular cells form what type of barrier?

A

water proof

32
Q

What is the squame?

A

outermost layer of the epidermis with flattened dead cells densely packed with keratin but no organelles.

33
Q

Name the multilayered structure of the epidermis from outest layer to most inner.

A

Squame, Granular, Prickle, Basal lamina.

34
Q

How does the epidermis renew?

A

with basal cells that move through the prickle then the granule cell layer.

35
Q

Where do stem cells come from for the renewal of the epidermis?

A

basal layer

36
Q

how are epidermal stem cells regulated?

A

By contact with basal lamina

37
Q

How does contact with basal lamina control the number of stem cells in the epidermis?

A

Maintenance of contact preserves stem cell potential, loss of contact triggers terminal differentiation.

38
Q

Proliferate potential of stem cells directly correlates with expression of what?

A

Beta 1 subunit of integrin

39
Q

Intregrin signaling pertaining to epidermis stem cell renewal helps to control what?

A

size of stem cell population

40
Q

What factors govern renewal of epidermis?

A

rate of stem cell division. probability that one of the daughter cell will remain a stem cell. Rate of division of transit amplifying cells. Timing of exit from basal layer.

41
Q

Where does hair grow upward from?

A

Dermal papilla

42
Q

Sebaceous glands secret oily liquid called

A

sebum

43
Q

Overactivation of hedgehog pathway makes cells do what?

A

cells to continue to divide even after exit from basal layer

44
Q

What happens with a deficit of hedgehog signal?

A

loss of sebaceous glands

45
Q

What causes extra hair follicles to develop?

A

up regulation of Wnt signaling

46
Q

What signaling restricts size of stem cell population?

A

notch signaling.

47
Q

What plays a key role in repiar of skin wounds?

A

TGFb

COB Molecular (36 decks)

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