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COB Molecular > 3.2 Cell Cycle 2 > Flashcards

3.2 Cell Cycle 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does condensin do?

A

Chromosome condensation and resolution

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2
Q

What triggers assembly of mitotic spindle?

A

M-cdk

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3
Q

At what stage to microtubules get organized?

A

mitosis stage

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of microtubules?

A

kinetochore, interpolar and astral

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5
Q

What do kinetochore microtubules do?

A

attach each chromosome to spindle pole

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6
Q

What do interpolar microtubules do?

A

Hold two halves of spindle together

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7
Q

What do astral microtubules do?

A

interact with cell cortex

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8
Q

what end of kinetochore microtubules are attached to sister chromatid pairs at large protein structures called kinetochores?

A

Plus end

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9
Q

What ends of interpolar microtubules from one pole interact with plus ends from other poles?

A

plus ends

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10
Q

Astral microtubules radiate outward from te poles and contact the cell cortex to help with what?

A

Help to position the spindle in the cell

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11
Q

All spindle microtubules bind to what?

A

Centrosome

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12
Q

Microtubules are nucleated from what?

A

MTOC

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13
Q

Microtubules grow outward from the MTOC from what end?

A

Plus end

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14
Q

What are the two motor proteins?

A

Dyneins and kinesins

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15
Q

What are two things about Dyneins?

A

Tend to move to the center of the cell and is a minus end directed microtubule motor

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16
Q

What are 4 things about kinesins?

A

Tend to move to periphery, walk toward plus ends, has 2 globular heads and elongated coil coil tails, plays role in chromosome separation.

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17
Q

what proteins does assembly and function of mitotic spindle depend on?

A

Kinesins and dyneins

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18
Q

What are the 4 classes of motor proteins involved in spindle assembly and function?

A

Kinesin 5, Kinesin 14, Kinesin-4,10, Dynein

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19
Q

What is Kinesin-5?

A

two motor domains that interact with plus end of anti parallel microtubule that force them past each other to push the spindle poles (centrosomes) apart.

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20
Q

What is the movement of Kinesin-5?

A

Toward plus end, force centrosomes apart

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21
Q

What is Kinesin 14?

A

Minus directed motor with a single motor domain.

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22
Q

What is the movement of Kinesin 14?

A

Toward Minus end, pulls poles together.

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23
Q

How are Kinesin 5 and 14 related?

A

Kinesin 5 pushes poles apart while kinesin 14 is pulling poles together.

24
Q

What is Kinesin 4,10?

A

Chromokinesins, plus directed motors

25
Q

What is the movement of kinesin 4,10?

A

Toward plus end, push attached chromosomes away from pole.

26
Q

What are Dyneins?

A

Minus end directed motors, link plus ends of astral microtubules to actin skeleton at cell cortex

27
Q

What is the movement of dyneins?

A

Toward minus end of microtubules, pulls the spindle poles away from each other

28
Q

What are kinetochores responsible for?

A

attachment of spindle to chromosomes

29
Q

What attaches to the kinetochore?

A

microtubules

30
Q

True or False? There is an exposed open end for addition and removal of tubulin subunits on kinetochores

A

True

31
Q

Removal of tubulin subunits leads to what on the kinetochore?

A

leads to force pulling

32
Q

What are the 3 forces in chromosome movement?

A

Depolymerization, microtubule flux, polar ejection force

33
Q

what does Depolymerization movement do?

A

Pulls the kinetochore and chromosome toward the spindle pole

34
Q

What happens with microtubule flux?

A

Treadmilling. Microtubules are moved toward spindle poles while being dismantles at minus ends

35
Q

What motor is involved in polar ejection force?

A

Kinesin 4,10.

36
Q

What results from polar ejection force?

A

push pull phenomenon

37
Q

What is the first step in the cell cycle entry into S-Phase I?

A

Mitogens active the Ras-MAPK pathway by binding to receptor.

38
Q

What is the second step in the cell cycle entry into S-Phase I?

A

Ras causes activation of MAP kinase cascade

39
Q

What is the third step in the cell cycle entry into S-Phase I?

A

Turns on gene regulatory protein Myc.

40
Q

What is the fourth step in the cell cycle entry into S-Phase I?

A

Myc promotes entry into cell cycle by increasing expression of G1 cyclins. Get active G1 cdk-cyclin

41
Q

What is the 5th step in the cell cycle entry into S-Phase I?

A

G1 cdk cyclin activates EF2

42
Q

What is the 6th step in the cell cycle entry into S-Phase I?

A

E2F binds to promoters of S cyclin genes. Leads to DNA transcription.

43
Q

What is the 7th step in the cell cycle entry into S-Phase I?

A

Enter into S phase of cell cycle and DNA sunthesis begins (duplication of chromosomes).

44
Q

How can the cell control mitogens that activate the Ras-MAPK pathway?

A

with a protein called Rb

45
Q

Whats the first step that allows Rb to interfere with the Ras-MAPK pathway?

A

E2F protein is inhibited by Rb protein

46
Q

Whats the 2nd step that allows Rb to interfere with the Ras-MAPK pathway

A

shuts down entry into S phase

47
Q

Whats the 3rd step that allows Rb to interfere with the Ras-MAPK pathway

A

Active G1-cdk P’s Rb to reduce binding to E2F

48
Q

Whats the 4th step that allows Rb to interfere with the Ras-MAPK pathway

A

Now can enter into cell cycle and Rb protein inactivated

49
Q

What happens if the RB protein does not work?

A

Retinoblastoma.

50
Q

What are the first three steps in Cancer and the cell cycle-ATM/ATR?

A
  1. DNA damage blocks cell division. 2. Cell cycle cant proceed with DNA damage. 3. ATM and ATR protein kinases activated
51
Q

What is the 4th step in Cancer and the cell cycle-ATM/ATR?

A

ATM and ATR kinases P Chk1 and Chk2 proteins

52
Q

What is the 5th step in Cancer and the cell cycle-ATM/ATR?

A

p53 is P by Chk1/Chk2 and stimulates transcription of p21

53
Q

What is the 6th step in Cancer and the cell cycle-ATM/ATR?

A

P21 CKI binds to G1/S cdk and S-Cdk to inhibit activity. No cell division-DamagedDNA- must repair

54
Q

What happens when the ATM/ATR system is not working?

A

AT and can lead to cancer as theres no DNA repair.

55
Q

What is one thing to know when someone is diagnosed with AT?

A

No x-rays because when DNA damage is bad p53 causes apoptosis.

COB Molecular (36 decks)

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