La Ortho - MS Disease Sheep/goats

Question 1

Foot disorders & problems

Answer 1

Environment, nutritional, management, genetic factors
Hooves grow rapidly
Wet, muddy conditions = Increased predisposition
BIOSECURITY - disease walks on all 4 legs

Question 2

Contributing factors to foot health

Answer 2

Foot trimming - every 2-3 months (depends on terrain)
Nutrition
Genetics !!! Poor conformation

Question 3

Pathogenesis of foot abscess

Answer 3

Moisture
Softening hoof keratin or interdigital skin
Invasion of Actinomyces
Foot abscess

Question 4

Pathogenesis of foot scald

Answer 4

Moisture trauma
Softening of keratin or interdigital skin
Invasion of fusobacterium necrophorum
Invasion of D. Nudosus w aprB2
Foot scald / benign foot rot

Question 5

Characterization of foot scald

Question 6

Contagious foot rot

Answer 6

Interdigital necrobacillosis - not interdigital

Question 7

Epidemiology of contagious foot rot

Question 8

Pathogenesis of foot rot

Question 9

Where is lesion found in foot rot

Question 10

Bacteria that causes foot problems

Question 11

Treatment /prevention for foot diseases

Answer 11

Can treat equally due to anaerobic bacteria
Treat with systemically antibiotics
Foot baths
Hoof trimming
Segregation
Improve environmental conditions

Question 12

Prevention for contagious foot rot

Answer 12

Feet trimmed
Moving to dry area /improve moisture
Vaccination (shorten course of disease)
Culling (genetic, chronic carrier animal)
Avoid contaminated facilities
Grime new additions/quarantine for 30 days

Question 13

Contagious (virulent) foot rot eradication

Answer 13

Endemic in herds - nearly impossible
Trim soak vaccine
Trim soak vaccine antibiotics
Segregated affected
Cull

Question 14

Foot bathes /topicals

Answer 14

10-15% Zinc sulfate
5-10% copper sulfate
5% for Aline
Not super common in smaller flocks/farms

Question 15

Foot abscess

Answer 15

Bacteria enter into hoof via puncture injury or WLD
Can occur above the hoof then migrate into hoof = severe lameness
Treat by opening/removal

Question 16

Which type of foot bath is preferred for foot rot

Answer 16

Zinc sulfate !!!
Copper can be ingested = copper toxicity
Formalin = helps harden hoof, temperature sensitive

Question 17

CAE

Answer 17

Caprine arthritis encephalitis
Retrovirus - integrated into host genome
Chronic multi systemic disease
Seroprevalence 38-81%
Small ruminants lentivirus

Question 18

CAE epidemiology

Answer 18

Transmission thru infected macrophages in fluids
Verticals - colostrum or milk
Horizontal - physical contact, milking equipment, semen, surgical equipment

Question 19

infection of CAE

Answer 19

Infects monocytes & macrophages, induces a persistent lifelong infection
Not all infected animals develop disease

Question 20

CAE clinical syndromes

Answer 20

1. Arthritis (most common)
   25% of seropositive animals
   >6 months of age
2. Leukoencephalomyelitis in kids
3. Mastitis, interstitial pneumonia
4. Old goat encephalitis

Question 21

Diagnosing CAE

Answer 21

Serologic testing
- Elisa - more sensitive than AGID, great specificity (100%, 99.6%)
- AGID - fair sensitive, good specificity (85-90%, 100%)
- biosecurity panel (CAE, CL, Johne’s, Q fever)

Question 22

What is the best prevention if you have a seropositive doe (CAE) that you don’t want to cull?

Answer 22

Don’t use her colostrum = how the disease spreads

Question 23

Prevention of CAE

Answer 23

Feed CAE free milk/colostrum
Separated infected
Milk non infected first
Use seronegative bucks
Disinfect equipment between animals
Cull positive animals

Question 24

Septic arthritis prevalence

Answer 24

Bacterial infection of joints

Question 25

Age of infected animals and origin of infects for SA

Answer 25

Young animals Carpus, hip, fetlock Environmental, gi tract, resp tract, transdermal Lesions can occur without being systemically sick

Question 26

Pathogenesis of SA

Answer 26

Septicemia Hematogenous seeding of joints Synovitis Joint pain, heat, swelling, synovial effusion Damage to articular cartilage +subchondral bone Chronic changes - thickening of synovial tissue/fibrosis of jC Degenerative joint disease

Question 27

Why are young animals effected?

Answer 27

Failure of passive transport Or secondary diseases

Question 28

Clinical signs for SA

Answer 28

Lameness - very lame NWB Warm swelling near effected area Possibly febrile & anorexia Signs of septicemia - Fever, lethargy, hypovulemic, red eyes,

Question 29

Joints common for SA

Answer 29

Carpus, tarsus, stifle most common

Question 30

Diagnosing SA

Answer 30

Radiographs (can take a few weeks to see periarticular changes) Ultrasound Joint tap of synovial fluid - consistency & color Pleocytosis & neutrophilia

Question 31

Treatment/prevention of SA

Answer 31

Antibiotics systemically or intra articularly Lavage joint Arthotomy Regional limb perfusion Adequate colostrum intake

Question 32

Mycoplasma poly arthritis : goats

Answer 32

Same as respiratory agent Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (most common) M. Capricolum, M. Agalactaie, M. Putrefaciens Typically infected by colostrum & milk

Question 33

Clin pres Mycoplasma poly arthritis : goats

Answer 33

3-8 weeks in kids (highly fatal) High fever, lameness Painful joints Meningitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia Mastitis (adults)

Question 34

Treatment & prevention of mycoplasma polyarthisis : goat

Answer 34

Florfenicol, tylosin Pasteurize milk/colostrum /feed kids Culture doe’s & bulk tank

Question 35

Chlamydial polyarthritis : sheep

Answer 35

Chlamydophila pecorum 1-8 month lambs, feedlot (high morbidity) High fever, lameness, enlarged joints, conjunctivitis

Question 36

Treatment for chlamydial polyarthisis

Answer 36

Florfenicol, tetracycline

Question 37

White muscle disease

Answer 37

Deficiency in selemium or vitamin e - skeletal form - cardiac form

Question 38

Cardiac form of WMD

Answer 38

Labored breathing, tachypnea, tachycardia, nasal discharge, heart murmur

Question 39

Skeletal form of WMD

Answer 39

Stiff gait, trembling when standing, recumbent, weakness and unable to nurse

Question 40

Common age demographic for WMD

Answer 40

Young, rapidly growing animals

Question 41

Diagnosing WMD or NMD

Answer 41

CK and AST levels elevated Whole blood levels of Se and plasma levels of Vit E Necropsy ( whitish streaks in muscle fibers)

Question 42

Treating WMD

Answer 42

Vit E and Se injections Vit E not super bioavailability as injectable

Question 43

Prevention of WMD

Answer 43

Mineral salts VIT E and Se injections shortly after birth