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Physio Fall 22 > L8- Special Senses > Flashcards

L8- Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Transducer

A

Converts one energy to another form of energy

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2
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Converts a sensation into an action potential
- occurs in sensory receptors

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3
Q

What are the structural categories of sensory receptors?

A
  1. Free nerve endings
  2. Encapsulated nerve endings
  3. Specialized receptor cells
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4
Q

Free nerve ending sensory receptors

A
  • normal dendrites
    Sense: Pain, temperature, light touch,
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5
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A
  • enclosed dendrites
    Ex) pacinian corpuscle - pressure
    Meissner’s corpuscle - light touch
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6
Q

Specialized receptor cells are

A

Rods and cones - light
Hair cells - balance & equilibrium

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7
Q

What are the two functional categories of sensory receptors?

A
  1. Type of energy transduced
  2. Type of information sent to brain
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8
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Deformation

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10
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light

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11
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemical

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12
Q

Nociceptors

A

Tissue damage ( pain receptors)

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13
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Body position, fine motor control

Ex) muscle spindle - stretch reflex
Golgi tendon organ - tension in tendon

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14
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A

Skin sensations

  • touch/ pressure
  • hot/cold
  • pain
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15
Q

Special senses

A

Input from outside world (found in head region)
- sight, hearing, sound, taste, smell

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16
Q

Properties of sensory receptors

A
  1. Specificity
    - binding due to specific characteristics
  2. Sensitivity
    - ability to detect low levels of energy
  3. Range fractionation
    - large range, of sensory input
  4. Acuity
    - discrimination- detecting two inputs
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17
Q

Receptive field

A

Region in the sensory periphery that will stimulate a sensory neuron

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18
Q

Difference b/w a small receptive field and a large receptive field

A

Small = more sensory neurons ➡️ more area in primary somatosensory field

Large = less amount of sensory receptors (neurons)

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19
Q

How is sensory information coded?

A
  1. Stimulus type
    - receptors are stimulus specific
  2. Intensity
    - Ap frequency
  3. Location
  4. Duration
    - AP still arriving = stimulus present
    - AP not arriving = stimulus isn’t present
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20
Q

Two ways of adaptation of sensory receptors

A
  1. Phasic receptors
  2. Tonic receptors
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21
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Fast adapting
- adapt to constant stimulus or fire when stimulus is applied/ removed ( after image)

Ex) odor, touch, temperature

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22
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Slow adapting / non adapting

Ex) pain

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23
Q

What are the two types of general senses?

A

Somatic sensory & visceral sensory

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24
Q

Somatic sensory input is from

A

Skin, skeletal muscle, joints

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25
Q

Visceral sensory input

A

Is from internal organs

26
Q

What are the three regions of the ear?

A

Inner ear, middle ear, outer ear

27
Q

Outer ear

A

Auricle to the tympanic membrane

28
Q

Middle ear

A

Air filled space, 3 ossicles, opening of Eustachian tube

29
Q

Inner ear contains

A

Houses bony labyrinth/ membranous labyrinth
(3 semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea)

30
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

Fluid filled tubes/sacs inside bony labyrinth

31
Q

Perilymph

A

Surrounds membranous labyrinth

32
Q

Endolymph

A

Within the membranous labyrinth

33
Q

The bony labyrinth within the inner ear contains what three structures? What about the membranous labyrinth?

A

Bony labyrinth = 3 semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea

Membranous labyrinth = 3 semicircular ducts, utricle & saccule, cochlear duct

34
Q

What is the sensory receptor found in the membranous labyrinth?

A

Hair cells

35
Q

Hair cells

A

Sensory receptor of hearing & equilibrium

36
Q

Vestibular apparatus

A

Organ of equilibrium

37
Q

What structures are apart of the vestibular apparatus?

A
  1. Semicircular Canals- sense angular acceleration (spin)
  2. Saccule & utricle - sense verticals/horizontal acceleration (linear)
38
Q

Vestibular apparatus function(s)

A
  • spatial orientation: tells brain where head is in space
  • perception of self motion
  • prevents falls & dizziness
39
Q

What happens when hair cells are bent to the left? The right?

A

Bend left = increase AP to temporal lobe

Bend right = decrease AP to temporal lobe

40
Q

What houses the hair cells?

A

Crista ampullaris

41
Q

What cause the semicircular canals to sense movement

A

Endolymph inside membranous labyrinth moves the cupula (gel) causing hair cells in crista ampullaris to move

42
Q

What is inside the ampulla (space)

A

Crista ampullaris
- cupola (gel)
Hair cells

43
Q

Utricle

A

Hair cells in macula sense horizontal acceleration

44
Q

Saccule

A

Hair cells in macula sense verticals acceleration ( up & down)

45
Q

Otolith

A

Calcium carbonate (crystals)

46
Q

Otolith membrane

A

Gel

47
Q

Macula

A

Hair cells

48
Q

External ear function for hearing

A

Channel sound waves to tympanic membrane

49
Q

Middle ear function for hearing

A

amplify sound waves ( malleus, incus, stapes vibrating against each other) producing fluid waves in inner ear

50
Q

Inner ear function for hearing

A

Cochlea transduces fluid waves into action potentials

  • fluid waves in perilymph bend stereocilia of hair cells ➡️ Ap down vestibulocochlear nerve
51
Q

Transmission of sound waves through the ear

A
  1. Sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane
  2. Vibrates ear ossicles
  3. Pushes oval window in/out
  4. Creating fluid waves in perilymph of scala vestibuli
  5. Vibrating vestibular membrane
  6. Vibrating basilar membrane on which hair cells are
  7. Bends stereocilia of hair cells that are embedded in tectorial membrane ➡️ Ap to vestibulocochlear nerve
52
Q

Every time hair cells bend, it creates an action potential.

True or false

A

True

53
Q

Sound waves

A

Disturbance of air molecules

54
Q

What cause a sound wave? What are its properties?

A

Compression - air coming closer together

Rare fractions - expanding air out

55
Q

Frequency (wavelengths

A

Pitch

56
Q

Amplitude

A

Volume

57
Q

How is pitch coded?

A

The basilar membrane respond to frequencies of sound

Base = high frequency
Apex = low frequency

58
Q

How is volume coded in the ear?

A
  • coded by frequency of action potentials

Soft = decreased frequency of Ap
Loud= increase frequency of AP

59
Q

Spinal organ

A

Functional unit of hearing

60
Q

Sound wave transduction by hair cells

A
  • fluid move,ent in cochlear duct
  • hair cells bend (in tectorial membrane)
  • opens mechanically gated k+ channels
  • k+ diffuses into hair cell depolarizing cell membrane
  • opening voltage gated ca2+ channels
  • ca2+ diffuse into cell ➡️exocytosis of NT ➡️diffuse NT
  • binds to ligand gated na+ channel (receptor in sensory neuron)
  • if reaches threshold potential ➡️ action potential in sensory neuron to cochlear nerve

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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