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Physio Fall 22 > L6- Test 2 > Flashcards

L6- Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

To control/ coordinate body functions

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2
Q

What is the nervous systems goal?

A

To maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

The functional unit of the nervous system are ________

A

Neurons

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of signals?

A

Chemical and electrical

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5
Q

Electrical signaling

A

Happens in a neuron

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6
Q

Chemical signals

A

Happen between 2 neurons

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7
Q

Central (CNS) nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Peripheral (PNS) nervous system

A

Nerves and ganglia

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9
Q

Tracts (CNS)

A

Bundle of neuron axons

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10
Q

Nuclei (CNS)

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies

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11
Q

Nerve (PNS)

A

Bundle of neuron axons

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12
Q

Ganglia (PNS)

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies

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13
Q

What are axon collaterals?

A

Branching of axon - allowing communication w/ many neurons

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14
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • unipolar, multipolar, bipolar
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15
Q

Structural classifications of neurons are based on ________ of cell bodies

A

Polarity

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16
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory, interneuron, motor neuron

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17
Q

Interneurons are found where and tend to be what structural cell?

A

Completely in cell ; multipolar

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18
Q

Motor neuron somatic found where

A

In skeletal muscle; multipolar

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19
Q

Motor neuron are found where

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands ; multipolar

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20
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

They sense the environment

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21
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

They integrate sensory input and initiates motor output

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22
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

They carry out the signal from the interneuron

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23
Q

Synapses

A

Junction/ communication b/w 2 cells

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24
Q

What are the two types of neural pathways and how are they different?

A

Simple - processing by 1 interneuron

Complex - processing by a chain of interneurons

25
Q

Afferent

A

Arrive (sensory)

26
Q

Efferent

A

Exit/ motor

27
Q

Reflex arc includes….

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Interneuron
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
28
Q

The 2 cell types of the nervous system include _________ and ___________

A

Neurons - conduct electrical signals
& neuroglial cells - doesn’t conduct electrical signals

29
Q

Astrocytes form…..

A

The blood brain barrier in CNS

30
Q

Schwann cells form….

A

Myelin in PNS

31
Q

Oligodendrocytes form….

A

Myelin in CNS

32
Q

Communication of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body/ dendrites - integrate physical/ chemical input
  2. Axon - conduct electrical signals
  3. Axon terminals - release neurotransmitters
33
Q

How do neurons create electrical signals of communication?

A

Changes in membrane potential

34
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other ➡️ create neural pathways

A

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors in synapse

35
Q

Membrane potential

A

The voltage difference across a membrane

36
Q

What cause the -70mv resting membrane potential?

A
  • the Na+/K+ pump ; 3 Na+ out and 2 k+ in
  • more k+ leak channels than Na+ channels
  • having large negatively charged proteins stuck inside cell
37
Q

Depolarization

A

Membrane becomes less polar
- na+ voltage gated channel opens

38
Q

Repolarization

A

Membrane returns to the resting membrane potential

39
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane becomes more polar
- k+ continue moving out while ca+ channel closed

REFRACTORY PERIOD

40
Q

Threshold potential

A

Change in membrane potential required to generate an action potential

41
Q

Action potential (Ap)

A

Temporary and transient all or none change in RMP

42
Q

Graded potential (Gp)

A

Small change in membrane potential (hyperpolarizing/ depolarizing)

43
Q

Generation of action potentials occur at

A

Cell bodies

  • needs to get at threshold potential in order to release action potential
44
Q

Initial segment is found at _________

A

The beginning of axon

45
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (Epsp)

A

Moves resting membrane potential closer to threshold potential

46
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potential (Ipsp)

A

Moves resting membrane potential further from threshold potential

47
Q

What causes change in resting membrane potential?

A

Regulated opening/closing of specific gated ion channels

➡️ voltage gated ion channels

48
Q

What ions are responsible for action potentials during depolarization? Repolarization? Hyperpolarization?

A

Depolarization — voltage gated Na+ channels open ( initiated by graded potentials)

Repolarization — voltage gated k+ channels open (initiated by depolarization)

Hyperpolarization — k+ continues to move out (producing refractory period)

49
Q

Significance of refractory period (RP)

A
  1. Ensures each action potential is an individual event
  2. Prevents action potentials from moving backwards in an axon
50
Q

What are the two types of refractory periods?

A

Absolute refractory period — voltage gated Na+ channels = inactive/ can’t open

Relative resting potential— voltage gated Na+ channels = closed but can open w/ strong stimulus

51
Q

Myelinated vs unmyelinated axons (AP propagation)

A

Unmyelinated — cycle based ➡️ depolarization, Repolarization, resting membrane

myelinated — faster ; contain node of ranvier w/ voltage gated na+ channels

52
Q

Action potential

A

Propagation speed down neurons axon

53
Q

What factors increase an action potentials propagation speed?

A

Myelin ( saltatory conduction) & larger axon diameter

54
Q

Slow neurons vs fast neurons

A

Slow - thin unmyelinated fibers

Fast - think myelinated fibers

55
Q

How is a week signal distinguished from an intense signal?

A

The intensity of stimulus depends on the frequency

56
Q

By increasing stimulus frequency it ________ action potential frequency

A

Increases

57
Q

Decreasing stimulus frequency it _________ action potential frequency

A

Decreases

58
Q

What is the difference between a single action potential and a propagation of action potentials?

A

Action potential = all or none event that happens once and takes place on small part of axons membrane (not traveling down)

Propagation = one action potential initiates (through influx of na+) a depolarization in adjacent downstream axon membrane creating an Ap ➡️….. NERVE SIGNAL

59
Q

What is the nerve signal that reaches your brain?

A

Action potentials

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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