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Physio Fall 22 > L14- Urinary > Flashcards

L14- Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the urinary system

A

Regulates extracellular fluid (plasma +ISF)

By filtering blood of wastes ➡️ urine

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2
Q

Result(s) of kidneys regulating extracellular fluid

A
  • waste concentration
  • pH (H+ & Hco3)
  • water
    Electrolyte concentration
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3
Q

What are the organs found in the urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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4
Q

Kidneys

A

Filters blood of wastes to produce urine

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5
Q

Ureter

A

Transports urine to urinary bladder

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6
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Stores urine

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7
Q

Urethra

A

Excretes urine

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8
Q

Renal pelvis of kidneys

A

Collects urine before it leaves ureter

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9
Q

Nephron (of kidneys)

A

Functional unit
- forms filtrate and dumps into collecting duct

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10
Q

What are the 4 parts of a Nephron

A

Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle (ascending & descending)

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11
Q

Vascular supply of nephron includes

A

Glomerulus, efferent arteriole , afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries & vasa recta

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12
Q

What structures make up a renal corpuscle

A

Glomerular capsule, glomerulus

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13
Q

Fluid flow in kidneys

A

Plasma ➡️ pre-urine filtrate ➡️ urine
(Glomerous). (Nephron). (Leaves collecting duct)

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14
Q

Filtration membrane includes

A
  • Capillary fenestrations
  • Basement membrane
  • filtration slits
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15
Q

Filtration membrane is

A

Filtration of blood that produces pre-urine filtrate in glomerular capsule

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16
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) includes

A

Juxtaglomerular cells & macula dense cells

  • is the triangle area b/w afferent and efferent arterioles
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17
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephron & juxtamedullary nephron

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18
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A
  • less numerous (20%)
  • long loop of henle = goes into medulla & cortex

2nd capillary bed= peritubular capillaries & vasa recta

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19
Q

Cortical nephron

A
  • more numerous (80%)
  • short loop of henle ( mostly in cortex of kidney)

2nd capillary bed = peritubular capillaries

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20
Q

What are the steps of urine formation

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Concentration
  5. Excretion
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21
Q

Filtration

A

Blood ➡️ tubule

  • filtrates everything in the blood but cells & proteins ( too big)
  • occurs at renal corpuscle= glomerular corpuscle
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22
Q

Filtrate =

A

Plasma - cells & proteins

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23
Q

What percent of filtrate is reabsorbed regardless of a persons state of hydration

A

99% of filtrate reabsorbed & 1% excreted as urine

24
Q

What is the total blood volume of an average adult?

A

5.5 liters of blood

25
How much blood is filtered a day?
180L of filtrate / day
26
Reabsorption
Tubule ➡️ blood - reabsorbed what we want to keep
27
Where does reabsorption occur and what is absorbed?
65% at proximal convoluted tubule 20% at descending loop of henle - na+, cl, h2o
28
What percentage of glucose and amino acids is reabsorbed and where are they reabsorbed at?
100% reabsorbed at proximal convoluted tubule - Cotransport w/ Na+
29
Why is glucose found in urine for individuals with diabetes?
They reach the glucose transport maximum, meaning they have too much glucose in the blood therefore some needs to be excreted out through urine
30
Secretion ( active process)
Blood ➡️ tubule @ distal convoluted tubule - fine tunes blood removing excess H+ , K+ & xenobiotics, metabolites
31
Removal of excess h+ maintains ______
Ph
32
Removal of excess k+ maintains _________________
Electrophysiology
33
How does our body remove chemicals that it’s never seen before?
Go to liver ➡️ converting it to soluble form then removed by “multi-specific” transporters in kidneys
34
Concentrating urine is important
To maintain blood osmolarity
35
How do we concentrate urine
Pulling water out of collecting duct by osmosis ( na+ goes h2o follows)
36
Driving force for osmosis is
Salt gradient in the renal medulla interstitial fluid
37
What is the osmolarity of the renal cortex? What is the osmolarity of the renal medulla?
Cortex = 300 Medulla = 600-1200
38
Loop of Henle _______ salt gradient
Creates
39
Vasa recta ___________ salt gradient by taking in h2o
Maintains
40
Collecting duct _________ salt gradient to concentrate urine
Uses
41
How does ADH Concentrate urine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) inserts aquaporins into collecting duct + ADH = concentrated urine up to 1200mOm - ADH = dilate urine @ 100mOsm
42
Counter current multiplier
Mechanism used to create salt gradient - loop of henle
43
Counter current exchanger
Mechanism that maintains salt gradient - Vasa recta
44
Why must we concentration urine?
Prevent dehydration
45
Counter current means
Ascending and descending limb moves in opposite directions
46
The descending limb of Henle
- is passive - it must lose water to assist in formation of salt gradient in Medulla
47
Ascending loop of Henle
Is active - forms salt gradient in renal medulla
48
What is the problem of water leaving desending loop of Henle? How is this solved?
Water dilutes gradient in renal Medulla Solution = water is picked up in the ascending vasa recta
49
The descending vasa recta
Picks up salt from gradient in medulla ➡️ creating salt gradient in vasa recta
50
Ascending vasa recta
Uses the salt gradient to pick up water from medulla preventing dilution of salt gradient ➡️ returning salt to medulla to maintain salt gradient
51
In the complete absence of ADH, what will the osmolarity of urine be?
100mOm - filtrate enters collecting duct @ 100mOm therefore when we are over hydrated no ADH with be present to help retain water
52
In the Presence of ADH, what is the maximal osmolarity that the urine can achieve?
1200 mOm - it enters collecting duct at 100, but as it passes through the more dehydrated the person is the more ADH present inserting more Aquaporins to retain water
53
What causes ADH to stimulate the insertion of aquaporins
Exocytosis
54
What removes aquaporins
Endocytosis
55
What are the 2 causes of increased osmolarity?
1. Dehydration 2. Increased salt intake
56
What are the two ways to fix osmolarity?
- drink water - hold on to water by concentrating urine
57
NFL for dehydration
Low water intake = stimulus ➡️ increase osmolarity ➡️ osmoreceptors shrink in hypothalamus ➡️ posterior pituitary increase ADH (aquaporins) ➡️ kidneys increase h2o reabsorption ➡️ less water excreted in urine

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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