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Physio Fall 22 > Immune Pt.2 > Flashcards

Immune Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do bacteria create illness?

A
  • toxins in membranes (endotoxins)
  • toxins released (exotoxin)
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2
Q

How do viruses create illness?

A

Invade “self” cells and take over and multiply

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3
Q

How do cancer cells create illness?

A

They genetically alter “self” cells, and overgrow into normal tissue

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4
Q

How do immune distinguish “self” from foreign Antigens?

A

MCH (major histocompatibility complex) surface makers on “self” cells

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5
Q

Where are MHC class 1 surface markers found?

A

On ALL nucleated body cells

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6
Q

Where are MHC class 2 cells found?

A

On macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells

( antigen presenting cells)

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7
Q

What are the two ways to remove lymphocytes that attack “self cells”

A

Clonal deletion and Clonal inactivation

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8
Q

Clonal deletion occurs where

A

In bone marrow (b cells)
- thymus (T cells)

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9
Q

Clonal deletion

A

Lymphocytes that attack “self” antigens that are destroyed by apoptosis (programmed cell death=suicide)

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10
Q

Clonal inactivation occurs where

A

In the spleen, lymph nodes and in the tonsils, appendix

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11
Q

Clonal inactivation

A

If lymphocytes create antigen receptors to “self” ; they’re inactivated

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12
Q

What are the specific immune system effector cells?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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13
Q

What are the “hallmark” features of specific immune response?

A
  • specificity = lymphocyte clones recognize antigens unique pathogens
  • diversity = potential to recognize all foreign antigens
  • distinguish self vs non-self = t/b lymphocytes must differentiate
  • memory = after infection, immunity to that antigen remains
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14
Q

The 3 processes of specific immune system

A
  1. Recognize pathogens
  2. Activate immune mechanisms
  3. Respond to the pathogens
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15
Q

What are the two branches of the specific immune system process?
(Hint: one by B cells and one by T)

A
  1. Humoral mediated immunity (b cells)
  2. Cell mediated immunity (T cytotoxic cells)
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16
Q

How do T &B cells recognize foreign antigens?

A

Antigen specific surface receptors

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17
Q

Antibody receptor

A

Recognizes bacteria & free virus
- on B cells

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18
Q

T cell receptor

A

Recognize cancer cells and virally infected cells ( abnormal “self” cells)
- T cells

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19
Q

Humoral medicated

A

Into the blood ( fluids)

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20
Q

Humoral mediated immunity mechanism

A
  • activated B lymphocytes become plasma cells ➡️ secretes antibodies into blood ➡️ Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria/free virus : marking them for destruction (optimize)
  • Memory B lymphocytes remain (allow for faster response next time)
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21
Q

Clonal selection

A

5 unique B lymphocyte clones
1 is activated by antigen from pathogen

22
Q

Where Do small clones of B lymphocytes live in?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

23
Q

Antibody

A

Protein with quaternary surface

24
Q

What are the 2 regions on an antibody

A

Variable region & constant region

25
Q

Variable region

A

Part of fab region, where unique top for each B cell clone

26
Q

Constant region

A

Part of Fc region that stays the same depending on an class

27
Q

What are the 6 ways that antibodies facilitate pathogen destruction?

A
  1. Neutralize
  2. Agglutinate
  3. Precipitate
  4. Enhance phagocytosis
  5. Activate complement
  6. Stimulate nk cells
28
Q

Does binding of antibody to antigen destroy the cell?

A

No! It needs to be inactivated and destroyed or inactivated and phagocytosis

29
Q

Neutralization

A

Covers/ masks dangerous parts of bacteria, viruses so no damage can occur

30
Q

Agglutination

A

Cell bonds or clumps together

31
Q

Precipitation

A

Breaks down into soluble antigens

32
Q

Complement

A

Create membrane attack complexes that form pores that lysis to kill cell

33
Q

Nk (natural killer) cell

A

Antibody- antigen complex beings nk cell close to pathogen/cancer

34
Q

NK cells secrete what 2 things

A
  1. Perforin ( creates pores)
  2. Granzyme ( kills cancer cell)
35
Q

IgG

A

Main form in circulation (blood), increasing after immunization ; secrete in Secondary Response

36
Q

IgM

A

Function as Ag receptor on B lymphocytes, secreted in Primary Response

37
Q

Class switch from IgM ➡️IgG

A

1st infection = primary response (IgM) ➡️ memory B cell ➡️ 2nd infection = secondary response (IgG) ➡️ bigger memory B cell

38
Q

How do B cells get turned on?
( require dual activation)

A
  1. Immune cell ids pathogen antigen ( chooses correct clone/ create memory cell)
  2. Cytokines from helper T cells
    ( enhances B lymphocyte response)
39
Q

What are the 2 types of T lymphocytes

A
  1. Cystotoxic T lymphocytes
  2. Helper T lymphocytes
40
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A
  • secretes perforin (pores) & granzyme ( kills invader)
  • perforates and lyses virally infected cells & cancer cells
41
Q

Helper T lymphocytes

A

Secretes cytokines
- helps activate cytotoxic T cell responses (& b lymphocytes)

42
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells get turned on?
(Require dual activation)

A
  1. Immune cell ids pathogen antigen
    (Choose correct clone)
  2. Cytokines from helper T cells
    ( enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte response)
43
Q

How can T & B cells recognize antigens?

A

Receptors

44
Q

How can T & B cells recognize different antigens?

A

Genetic recombination

45
Q

How can B & T cells differentiate (destroy)

A

Clonal deletion & clonal inactivation

46
Q

How can B & T cells respond faster a second time?

A

Memory lymphocytes

47
Q

Antibiotic

A

Drug designed to kill/inhibit bacterial growth

48
Q

Antibodies

A

Receptor & effector molecule of B cells
- facilitates antigen destruction

49
Q

Significance of primary and secondary immune response

A
  • 1st response = w/out or with minimal Illness
    -2nd response = less or no illness
50
Q

Acquisition of immunity can be?
( mechanisms of immunization)

A

Natural acquired & artificial acquired

51
Q

If acquisition of immunity is Passive, then it is

A

Borrowed from someone (short lasting)

52
Q

If acquisition of immunity is Active, then it is created by

A

Created by exposure to antigens (long lasting)

-Provides immunity through memory cells

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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