Immune Pt.2 Flashcards
How do bacteria create illness?
- toxins in membranes (endotoxins)
- toxins released (exotoxin)
How do viruses create illness?
Invade “self” cells and take over and multiply
How do cancer cells create illness?
They genetically alter “self” cells, and overgrow into normal tissue
How do immune distinguish “self” from foreign Antigens?
MCH (major histocompatibility complex) surface makers on “self” cells
Where are MHC class 1 surface markers found?
On ALL nucleated body cells
Where are MHC class 2 cells found?
On macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells
( antigen presenting cells)
What are the two ways to remove lymphocytes that attack “self cells”
Clonal deletion and Clonal inactivation
Clonal deletion occurs where
In bone marrow (b cells)
- thymus (T cells)
Clonal deletion
Lymphocytes that attack “self” antigens that are destroyed by apoptosis (programmed cell death=suicide)
Clonal inactivation occurs where
In the spleen, lymph nodes and in the tonsils, appendix
Clonal inactivation
If lymphocytes create antigen receptors to “self” ; they’re inactivated
What are the specific immune system effector cells?
B and T lymphocytes
What are the “hallmark” features of specific immune response?
- specificity = lymphocyte clones recognize antigens unique pathogens
- diversity = potential to recognize all foreign antigens
- distinguish self vs non-self = t/b lymphocytes must differentiate
- memory = after infection, immunity to that antigen remains
The 3 processes of specific immune system
- Recognize pathogens
- Activate immune mechanisms
- Respond to the pathogens
What are the two branches of the specific immune system process?
(Hint: one by B cells and one by T)
- Humoral mediated immunity (b cells)
- Cell mediated immunity (T cytotoxic cells)
How do T &B cells recognize foreign antigens?
Antigen specific surface receptors
Antibody receptor
Recognizes bacteria & free virus
- on B cells
T cell receptor
Recognize cancer cells and virally infected cells ( abnormal “self” cells)
- T cells
Humoral medicated
Into the blood ( fluids)
Humoral mediated immunity mechanism
- activated B lymphocytes become plasma cells ➡️ secretes antibodies into blood ➡️ Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria/free virus : marking them for destruction (optimize)
- Memory B lymphocytes remain (allow for faster response next time)
Clonal selection
5 unique B lymphocyte clones
1 is activated by antigen from pathogen
Where Do small clones of B lymphocytes live in?
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
Antibody
Protein with quaternary surface
What are the 2 regions on an antibody
Variable region & constant region
