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Physio Fall 22 > L14. Pt 2 > Flashcards

L14. Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Volume of blood filtered/ time

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2
Q

If Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is too high what happens

A

Lose of too much water and salt ➡️ dehydration & electrolyte imbalance

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3
Q

If Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is too low it causes

A

Accumulation of wastes - which is toxic

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4
Q

How much urine needed to be made/created a day?

A

400ml/day

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5
Q

What effects Glomerular Filtration rate (GFR)

A

Dehydration & blood loss

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6
Q

Intrinsic regulation of GFR goal

A

ensure each nephron operates optimally for waste removal

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7
Q

Extrinsic regulation of GFR goal

A

To maintain BP by conserving water

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8
Q

What are the 2 intrinsic regulation mechanisms of GFR

A

Myogenic mechanism & Tubuloglomerular feedback

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9
Q

Goal of Myogenic mechanism

A

Keep glomerular filtration rate (GFR) constant as mean arterial BP changes from 70-180mmHg and protects the glomerulus

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10
Q

In the Myogenic mechanism what happens if GFR is too high? What about too low?

A

Too high GFR = stretched smooth muscle of afferent arteriole (smooth muscle contracts) ➡️ decrease GFR

Too low GFR = relaxed (dilated) smooth muscle ➡️ increase GFR

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11
Q

Goal of Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Decrease GFR when too much filtrate is moving through tubules

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12
Q

In the tubloglomerular feedback if filtrate is too high what happens/ too low?

A

Too high filtrate = macula densa cells release ATP ➡️ contraction of afferent arteriole smooth muscle ➡️ decrease GFR

Too low filtrate - macula densa cells decrease ATP release ➡️ dilation of afferent arteriole smooth muscle ➡️ increase GFR

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13
Q

What do macula densa cells sense

A

Increase filtrate - Nacl (salt) & H2o (water) in tubular fluid

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14
Q

Goal of Extrinsic regulation of GFR and why it does that

A

Maintain BP by conserving h2o
Reason= maintains perfusion pressure

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15
Q

What’s the reason for maintaining BP by conserving h2o

A

Maintain perfusion pressure

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16
Q

Extrinsic regulation of GFR mechanism (sympathetic NS)

A

Decrease blood pressure (stimulus) ➡️ baroreceptor reflex ➡️ increase sympathetic NS activity ➡️ increase in CO & vasoconstriction in skin/ GI tract = increase TPR

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17
Q

Afferent arteriole diameter greater than efferent arteriole

TRUE or FALSE

A

True: has greater filtration presssure

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18
Q

What are the two responses to decrease Blood pressure (BP)

A
  1. Baroreceptor reflex
  2. RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)
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19
Q

The baroreceptor reflex

A
  • only works w/ adequate blood volume
  • an immediate response mediated by the Sympathetic NS
  • increases BP
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20
Q

RAAS: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

A
  • corrects for inadequate blood volume
  • not an immediate response (follows Baroreceptor reflex)
  • initiated by kidneys/ mediated by hormones (Renin, Angiotensin 2)
  • increase BP & Blood volume
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21
Q

RAAS: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Mechanism

A

Stimulus = decrease blood pressure = decrease blood flow to kidneys ➡️

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22
Q

Regulation of sodium

A

If BP low - save na+ ➡️ increase BP

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23
Q

Sodium mechanism

A

Stimulus = low Na+ intake ➡️ low plasma na+ concentration (decrease osmolarity) ➡️ osmoreceptors in hypothalamus ➡️ posterior pituitary to decrease ADH ➡️ decrease aquaporins present = decrease water absorption in collecting duct ➡️ increase urine volume & decrease blood volume = decrease BP

24
Q

Blood volume is regulated to control _________________

A

Blood pressure

25
How is blood volume regulated to control blood pressure
By regulating salt balance with aldosterone
26
What do you want to do with sodium if you have a Low BV = ________ High BV_______
Low = save sodium b/c h2o follows High = lose sodium b/c water follows
27
Blood osmolarity is regulated to prevent what
Cell shrinking and swelling
28
How is blood osmolarity regulated to prevent cell shrinking and swelling
By regulating water balance with ADH
29
High osmolarity = Low osmolarity =
High = save water to dilute salt Low = lose water to concentrate salt
30
Regulation of potassium
Increase k+ ➡️ increase k+ in plasma ➡️ increase aldosterone secretion ➡️ increase plasma aldosterone ➡️ k+ secretion in distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct ➡️ increase k+ excretion
31
Why is potassium (k+) important
Important for action potentials
32
What are the two locations calcium is regulated
Thyroid gland & parathyroid gland
33
Calcitonin
Decreases blood ca+
34
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood ca+
35
What are the 2 sources of calcium?
Eating it or releasing from bone
36
Why do we need calcium?
- blood clotting - muscle contraction - neurotransmitter release - second messengers
37
Regulation of calcium when too high mechanism
Stimulus =rising of blood ca+ level ➡️ thyroid gland to release calcitonin ➡️ bone to take in ca+ , decrease urine out, absorb less ca+ in intestines
38
Regulation of calcium when low Ca+
Stimulus = low/falling blood ca+ level ➡️ parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone ➡️ intestines to absorb more ca+ , kidneys uptake more ca+ & bones release ca=
39
Bone resorption
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone
40
Absorb
Take into the blood (was never there before
41
Reabsorb
Was once in the blood, was removed and now returning back to the blood
42
Resorb
Removed by gradual breakdown
43
What are the 3 levels of ph regulation
1. Buffers 2. Lungs 3. Kidneys
44
Buffers
Stabilize ph - every fluid compartment is buffered
45
Blood buffers
Hco3 (bicarbonate) & HB (hemoglobin)
46
Intracellular buffers
Proteins
47
Urine buffers
Phosphate ions
48
Lungs
Exhale acid (co2)
49
Kidneys
Excrete acid - can save hco3 & h+ too
50
Volatile acid
- a gas excreted by lungs
51
Nonvolatile acids
Not gases that are excreted by kidneys
52
Handling of H+ and Hco3 by the kidneys
Urine = little hco3 Acid ph = 5-7
53
Kidneys regulate ph by
Reabsorbing hco3 (bicarbonate) @ proximal convoluted tubule Secreting H+ @ distal involuted Tubule
54
Acidosis
Secrete more H+, Reabsorbing /making more Hco3
55
Alkalosis
Hold onto H+, don’t make/reabsorb all Hco3

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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