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Physio Fall 22 > L14. Pt 2 > Flashcards

L14. Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Volume of blood filtered/ time

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2
Q

If Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is too high what happens

A

Lose of too much water and salt ➡️ dehydration & electrolyte imbalance

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3
Q

If Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is too low it causes

A

Accumulation of wastes - which is toxic

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4
Q

How much urine needed to be made/created a day?

A

400ml/day

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5
Q

What effects Glomerular Filtration rate (GFR)

A

Dehydration & blood loss

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6
Q

Intrinsic regulation of GFR goal

A

ensure each nephron operates optimally for waste removal

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7
Q

Extrinsic regulation of GFR goal

A

To maintain BP by conserving water

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8
Q

What are the 2 intrinsic regulation mechanisms of GFR

A

Myogenic mechanism & Tubuloglomerular feedback

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9
Q

Goal of Myogenic mechanism

A

Keep glomerular filtration rate (GFR) constant as mean arterial BP changes from 70-180mmHg and protects the glomerulus

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10
Q

In the Myogenic mechanism what happens if GFR is too high? What about too low?

A

Too high GFR = stretched smooth muscle of afferent arteriole (smooth muscle contracts) ➡️ decrease GFR

Too low GFR = relaxed (dilated) smooth muscle ➡️ increase GFR

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11
Q

Goal of Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Decrease GFR when too much filtrate is moving through tubules

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12
Q

In the tubloglomerular feedback if filtrate is too high what happens/ too low?

A

Too high filtrate = macula densa cells release ATP ➡️ contraction of afferent arteriole smooth muscle ➡️ decrease GFR

Too low filtrate - macula densa cells decrease ATP release ➡️ dilation of afferent arteriole smooth muscle ➡️ increase GFR

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13
Q

What do macula densa cells sense

A

Increase filtrate - Nacl (salt) & H2o (water) in tubular fluid

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14
Q

Goal of Extrinsic regulation of GFR and why it does that

A

Maintain BP by conserving h2o
Reason= maintains perfusion pressure

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15
Q

What’s the reason for maintaining BP by conserving h2o

A

Maintain perfusion pressure

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16
Q

Extrinsic regulation of GFR mechanism (sympathetic NS)

A

Decrease blood pressure (stimulus) ➡️ baroreceptor reflex ➡️ increase sympathetic NS activity ➡️ increase in CO & vasoconstriction in skin/ GI tract = increase TPR

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17
Q

Afferent arteriole diameter greater than efferent arteriole

TRUE or FALSE

A

True: has greater filtration presssure

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18
Q

What are the two responses to decrease Blood pressure (BP)

A
  1. Baroreceptor reflex
  2. RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)
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19
Q

The baroreceptor reflex

A
  • only works w/ adequate blood volume
  • an immediate response mediated by the Sympathetic NS
  • increases BP
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20
Q

RAAS: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

A
  • corrects for inadequate blood volume
  • not an immediate response (follows Baroreceptor reflex)
  • initiated by kidneys/ mediated by hormones (Renin, Angiotensin 2)
  • increase BP & Blood volume
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21
Q

RAAS: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Mechanism

A

Stimulus = decrease blood pressure = decrease blood flow to kidneys ➡️

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22
Q

Regulation of sodium

A

If BP low - save na+ ➡️ increase BP

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23
Q

Sodium mechanism

A

Stimulus = low Na+ intake ➡️ low plasma na+ concentration (decrease osmolarity) ➡️ osmoreceptors in hypothalamus ➡️ posterior pituitary to decrease ADH ➡️ decrease aquaporins present = decrease water absorption in collecting duct ➡️ increase urine volume & decrease blood volume = decrease BP

24
Q

Blood volume is regulated to control _________________

A

Blood pressure

25
Q

How is blood volume regulated to control blood pressure

A

By regulating salt balance with aldosterone

26
Q

What do you want to do with sodium if you have a
Low BV = ________
High BV_______

A

Low = save sodium b/c h2o follows

High = lose sodium b/c water follows

27
Q

Blood osmolarity is regulated to prevent what

A

Cell shrinking and swelling

28
Q

How is blood osmolarity regulated to prevent cell shrinking and swelling

A

By regulating water balance with ADH

29
Q

High osmolarity =

Low osmolarity =

A

High = save water to dilute salt

Low = lose water to concentrate salt

30
Q

Regulation of potassium

A

Increase k+ ➡️ increase k+ in plasma ➡️ increase aldosterone secretion ➡️ increase plasma aldosterone ➡️ k+ secretion in distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct ➡️ increase k+ excretion

31
Q

Why is potassium (k+) important

A

Important for action potentials

32
Q

What are the two locations calcium is regulated

A

Thyroid gland & parathyroid gland

33
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood ca+

34
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood ca+

35
Q

What are the 2 sources of calcium?

A

Eating it or releasing from bone

36
Q

Why do we need calcium?

A
  • blood clotting
  • muscle contraction
  • neurotransmitter release
  • second messengers
37
Q

Regulation of calcium when too high mechanism

A

Stimulus =rising of blood ca+ level ➡️ thyroid gland to release calcitonin ➡️ bone to take in ca+ , decrease urine out, absorb less ca+ in intestines

38
Q

Regulation of calcium when low Ca+

A

Stimulus = low/falling blood ca+ level ➡️ parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone ➡️ intestines to absorb more ca+ , kidneys uptake more ca+ & bones release ca=

39
Q

Bone resorption

A

Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone

40
Q

Absorb

A

Take into the blood (was never there before

41
Q

Reabsorb

A

Was once in the blood, was removed and now returning back to the blood

42
Q

Resorb

A

Removed by gradual breakdown

43
Q

What are the 3 levels of ph regulation

A
  1. Buffers
  2. Lungs
  3. Kidneys
44
Q

Buffers

A

Stabilize ph
- every fluid compartment is buffered

45
Q

Blood buffers

A

Hco3 (bicarbonate) & HB (hemoglobin)

46
Q

Intracellular buffers

A

Proteins

47
Q

Urine buffers

A

Phosphate ions

48
Q

Lungs

A

Exhale acid (co2)

49
Q

Kidneys

A

Excrete acid
- can save hco3 & h+ too

50
Q

Volatile acid

A
  • a gas excreted by lungs
51
Q

Nonvolatile acids

A

Not gases that are excreted by kidneys

52
Q

Handling of H+ and Hco3 by the kidneys

A

Urine = little hco3
Acid ph = 5-7

53
Q

Kidneys regulate ph by

A

Reabsorbing hco3 (bicarbonate) @ proximal convoluted tubule

Secreting H+ @ distal involuted Tubule

54
Q

Acidosis

A

Secrete more H+, Reabsorbing /making more Hco3

55
Q

Alkalosis

A

Hold onto H+, don’t make/reabsorb all Hco3

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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