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Physio Fall 22 > L10- Mucles > Flashcards

L10- Mucles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle location & function

A

Location = attaches bones across joints

Function = moves joints ➡️moves the body

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3
Q

Smooth muscle function and location

A

Location = around tubes and sacs

Function = open/ close tubes
Regulate diameter of tubes
Propel material through tubes

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle function and location

A

Function: create driving pressure to move blood thoughts vessels

Location= heart

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5
Q

What muscle tissues are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

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6
Q

What muscle types are voluntary and which are involuntary?

A

Skeletal muscle = voluntary

Cardiac and smooth = involuntary

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7
Q

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

A

Energy transducer

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8
Q

What happens in a skeletal muscle when it is contracted vs relaxed?

A

Contracted = active
- Motor neuron Ap releases Ach ➡️ binding to Nicotinic receptor ➡️ depolarization = contraction

Relaxation = passive

  • no action potentials to motor neuron
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9
Q

Structural hierarchy of skeletal muscle

A

Muscle ➡️ fascicle ➡️ muscle cell (myofiber) ➡️ myofibril

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10
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundle of muscle cells

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11
Q

Muscle cell (myofiber)

A

Muscle fiber

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12
Q

Myofibril

A

Chain of sarcomeres

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13
Q

What is a sacromere

A

Made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments

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14
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane

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16
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

A

Calcium ca+

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17
Q

What conducts Ap to the sacroplasmic reticulum?

A

Transverse (t) tubules

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18
Q

What is the flow of an action potential traveling down sarcolemma

A

Action potential down sarcolemma ➡️ t tubules ➡️ signals saroplasmic reticulum to release ca2+ ➡️ ca2+ bathes myofibers ➡️ initiating contraction

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19
Q

Sarcomere

A

Z disc to z disc

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20
Q

What are thick and thin filaments made out of?

A

Thick = myosin

Thin = actin

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21
Q

H zone

A

Thick filaments only

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22
Q

A band

A

Thick and thin filaments

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23
Q

I band

A

Thin filaments only ( from 2 sacromeres)

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24
Q

What causes striations in skeletal muscle?

A

Overlapping of thin and thick filaments

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25
What happens when the sacromere shorten?
A band - stays the same H zone- shrinks/ disappears Z bands - shrink / get closer together I bands - shrink
26
What are the binding sites on the thick filament?
Actin binding site & Myosin ATPase site
27
What is the binding site on thin (actin) filaments?
Myosin binding site
28
What are the two regulatory proteins found on thin filament?
Tropomyosin - covers myosin binding site Troponin - holds tropomyosin in place
29
Cross bridge cycle
Myosin heads attach to thin filament
30
Mechanism of cross bridge cycle
Cross bridge forms b/w charged myosin head & actin 2. Myosin head ratchets pulling actin 3. Myosin heads releases from actin 4. Myosin head recharged by ATP
31
How are myosin heads charged?
ATP binds to myosin ATPase site on myosin head ➡️ atp is hydrolyzed ➡️ phosphorylates myosin head charging myosin head
32
Power stroke
Myosin head ratchets pulling on thin filament
33
Cross bridge formation
Charged myosin head binds to actin ➡️shape change ➡️ phosphate releases
34
What is the role of ca2+ in relaxed muscles?
No calcium present therefore tropomyosin covers binding sites
35
What is the role of ca2+ in contracted muscles?
Ca2+ present therefore it binds to troponin - troponin then removes tropomyosin allowing myosin head to bind to actin ➡️pulling ( shortening sarcomere)
36
Action potentials required for ca2+ to be released True or false
True
37
Excitation contraction coupling
Turns Ap from motor neuron into Ap in sarcolemma to increase ca2+ concentration allowing for contraction to occur
38
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse b/w motor neuron and muscle cell
39
What are the three components in neuromuscular junction?
1. Axon terminal (somatic motor neuron) 2. Neuromuscular cleft (space) 3. Motor end plate (muscle cell)
40
Activation of neuromuscular junction mechanism
1. Motor neuron release actin potential 2. Ca2+ enters voltage gated channel (depolarizing) 3. Ach releases 4. Ach binding opens ion channel 5. Na+ enters 6. Depolarizing end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane 7. Muscle fiber action potential initiates 8. Propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane 9. Ach is degraded
41
What is found in the motor end plate?
Nicotinic Ach receptors
42
What is found in the sarcolemma?
Voltage gated na+ channels
43
What are found in transverse (t) tubules?
Voltage gated ca2+ channel ➡️triggers ca2+ release channel
44
What are found in sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Mechanically gated ca2+ release channel
45
What are the two types of contractions?
Isotonic contraction = same tension; movement Isometric contraction = same length ; no movement
46
Muscle twitch
Response to a single electrical stimulus
47
Summation
Increased frequency of stimulus producing end twitch before 1st can relax
48
Tetanus
Sustained Maximal contraction
49
Increased Ap frequency increases contraction strength True or false
True
50
Graded contractions
Generating small to large forces for light vs small loads
51
How are graded contractions created?
1. Increase action potentials frequency 2. Recruit more motor units 3. Optimize muscle length
52
Motor units (mu)
1 motor neuron + all muscle fibers innervated
53
Large vs small motor units
Large = gross motor skills ➡️ less precise (back) Small = fine motor skills ➡️more precise (fingertips)
54
Less cross bridges = less force True or false
True
55
Sustained contractions
Asynchronous activation of motor units ➡️ motor units take turns
56
What are the three muscle fiber types?
1. Fast glycolytic 2. Fast oxidative glycolytic 3. Slow oxidative
57
How fast a muscle cell contracts/ twitches depends on….
- rates of cross bridge formation - ATPase isoenzymes on myosin head
58
Slow oxidative
Aerobic respiration ( need oxygen) - dense capillaries, lots of myoglobin, numerous mitochondria Ex) postural muscles
59
Fast glycolytic
Anaerobic respiration (lacks oxygen) - fewer capillaries, less myoglobin, fewer mitochondria, large glycogen stores 1 glucose ➡️2 atp Ex) sprinting muscles (fatigue quickly)
60
Fast oxidative glycolytic
Aerobic/ anaerobic - metabolically intermediate to slow oxidative and fast glycolytic 1 glucose➡️ 36 atp Ex) endurance muscles
61
What fibers have more mitochondria
Slow oxidative
62
atp functions in muscle contraction cause….
1. Bind to myosin releasing from actin ( relaxation) 2. Phosphorylation of myosin = charged myosin head ( contraction) 3. Primary active transport = ca2+ into sarcoplasmic reticulum ( relaxation)
63
What is used in the first 8 seconds of exercise?
Creatine phosphate
64
After two minutes of experience what is used?
Glycolysis
65
What type of exercise promotes weight loss?
Mild exercise
66
Golgi tendon organ
Senses muscle tension/ contraction
67
What does the golgi tendon organ protect us from
Prevents dangerous tension on tendon - muscle tears / avulsion fracture
68
Muscle spindle
Senses muscle length/ stretch
69
The sensor for knee jerk reflex is
Muscle spindle organ
70
What does the muscle spindle organ protect us from doing
Prevents muscle tears
71
Why during the first two minutes of exercise we are unable to generate atp aerobically?
It takes some time for it to increase its spread for the increased demand of atp
72
Where is the muscle spindle located?
The belly of muscles
73
What fuels are stored in the body
Carbohydrates and fats
74
What form are fuels STORED in the body?
Fats = triglycerides Carbohydrates = glucose 
75
What provides proper control of muscle function
A Somatic motor neuron & 2 sensors

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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