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Physio Fall 22 > L11- Endocrine > Flashcards

L11- Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

“Enter”
Go into the blood

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2
Q

Exocrine

A

“Exit”
Secrete outside

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3
Q

What organ/ structure has Both exocrine and endocrine

A

Pancreas

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4
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical made by endocrine glands
- released into the blood
- acts as messenger molecule

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5
Q

Target cell

A

Distant cell upon which hormones act
- contain receptors (specificity)

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6
Q

Receptor

A

Protein molecules on/ in target cells
- binds hormones w/ specificity

  • produces response in target cell
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7
Q

Similarities of the Nervous system and endocrine system

A
  1. Function = communication systems ➡️ control body processes
    • NS = hard wired
    • ES = wireless
  2. Use chemical messenger molecules
    • NS = neurotransmitters
    • ES = hormones
  3. Require receptors
    • NS = synapse
    • ES = target cells
  4. Require mechanisms to turn off
    • NS = degrades ➡️ reuptake
    • ES = removed by target organ or liver
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8
Q

Nervous system vs endocrine system differences

A
  1. Messenger molecule released
    • NS = axon release Nt ➡️ synaptic cleft
    • ES = endocrine cells release hormones into blood
  2. Distance to target cells
    -NS = target cell adjacent to axon terminal
    • ES = target cell far away from glands
  3. Speed
    • NS = fast, short acting
    • ES = slow, longer acting
  4. Pathways
    • NS = hard wired (don’t fuse)
    • ES = diffuse
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9
Q

What organs are solely endocrine organs?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland

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10
Q

How is the endocrine system regulated?

A
  1. Control amount of hormone secreted
  2. Regulate number of receptors in the membrane
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11
Q

Humoral control

A

Direct feedback by chemicals in the blood

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12
Q

Hormonal control

A

Stimulates or inhibits hormone secretion
- hormones regulating themselves

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13
Q

Downstream regulation __________ and upstream regulation ____________

A

Stimulates (+), inhibits (-)

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14
Q

Neural control

A

Neuroendocrine reflex
- contractions to push baby out during birth

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15
Q

How can you regulate the number of receptors on a membrane?

A

Up regulation = low hormone levels ➡️ synthesize more receptors

Down regulation = high hormone levels ➡️ remove/ recycle receptors

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16
Q

What are the three chemical classifications of hormones?

A

Steroids, protein, amine

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17
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Made from cholesterol

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18
Q

Protein hormone

A

Made from amino acids

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19
Q

Amine hormone

A

Made from tyrosine

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20
Q

What hormones are steroids?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol = adrenal cortex

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone = gonads

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21
Q

What hormones are protein hormones? And where are they secreted

A

Pancreas = insulin & glucagon

Pituitary gland = all (growth, oxytocin, anti diuretic)

Hypothalamus = all hormones

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22
Q

What hormones are amine hormones? And where are they found

A

Thyroid gland = thyroid hormone (thyroxine)
- acts as steroid

Adrenal medulla = epinephrine
- acts as protein

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23
Q

Where polar hormone receptors found?

A

Receptor on plasma membrane

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24
Q

Where are Nonpolar hormone receptors located?

A

Receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus

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25
Q

Mechanism of Nonpolar hormones

A
  1. Bound to carrier protein in blood; released and defuses across membrane
  2. Bind to receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
  3. Binds to and turns on gene
  4. DNA transcription
  5. Protein synthesis
  6. Protein product produces hormone response in cell
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26
Q

Mechanism of thyroid hormone

A
  1. T4 (inactive form) carried in blood bound to carrier protein; acts as hormone reservoir
  2. Converted to T3 (active form) in cytoplasm
  3. Cell response ➡️ increase cell metabolism
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27
Q

Mechanism for polar hormones

A
  • REQUIRE Signal Transduction ➡️ can’t cross membrane (receptor on membrane)
  • need 2nd messenger
    1. Adenylate cyclase = cAMP
    2. Phospholipase = ca2+
    3. tyrosine kinase = varies
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28
Q

Axis

A

Series of glands that use hormones to signal each other in sequence

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29
Q

Tropic

A

Influencing the activity of another gland

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30
Q

What organs are part of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis?

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex

31
Q

What a hormones are involved in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

A

CRH - Corticotropin releasing hormone
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Cortisol

32
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Separate endocrine gland

33
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Neural extension of hypothalamus; cells = neuroendocrine or neurosecretory

34
Q

What is the hypothalamus control on the posterior pituitary

A

Neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus make hormones which get stored in the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary

35
Q

What are the hormones released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

36
Q

What is oxytocin’s function

A

Stimulates smooth muscle in the uterus and Brest to contract

37
Q

What is the function of Antidieretic (ADH)?

A

Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys; vasoconstriction

38
Q

Hypothalamus control on the anterior pituitary

A

Hormones released into capillary bed then it travels down to anterior pituitary

39
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A
  • prolactin (PRL)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Leutinizing hormone (LH) & Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
40
Q

What anterior pituitary hormones go to their final effector?

A

PRL - Prolaction ➡️ mammary glands

GH - Growth hormone ➡️ bones, muscle, fat

41
Q

What anterior pituitary hormones go to a target tissue and release another hormone?

A

TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
LH- Leutinizing hormone & FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

42
Q

NFL of thyroid gland

A

Thyroid gland negatively feedbacks on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary when thyroid hormone is high within the blood

43
Q

What is the consequence of surgically removing the thyroid gland?

A
  • no negative feedback
  • increase thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) & Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
44
Q

What is the thyroid hormones function

A

Increase metabolic rate in target cells

45
Q

NFL of cortisol

A

Cortisol negatively feedbacks on the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary when cortisol levels high in the blood

46
Q

What is the consequence of damage to the adrenal gland?

A
  • decrease of negative feedback
  • increase in cortotropic releasing hormone (CRH) & Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
47
Q

Cortisols function.

A

Promote release of fuels (glucose, lipids) in target cells

48
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal gland?

A

Epinephrine, cortisol and aldosterone

49
Q

Acute stress (sudden emergencies) releases what hormone from the adrenal gland

A

Epinephrine - activating fight/flight

  • releases from adrenal medulla
50
Q

Chronic stress (prolonged exercise, cold, illness) releases what hormones

A

Cortisol - breaks down stored fuels (increasing blood fuel levels)

Aldosterone - sodium retention in kidneys

51
Q

Regulation of the thyroid gland

A

Hormonal = negative feedback

52
Q

What are the two forms being secreted into the blood by thyroid gland?

A

T4 - thyroxine
T3- triiodothyronine (active form)

53
Q

What hormones are released from the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid hormone & calcitonin

54
Q

Calcitonin function, regulation stimulus?

A

Function: Decreases blood ca2+
Regulation: humoral
Stimulus: elevated ca2+ in blood

55
Q

Parathyroid releases what hormones

A

Parathyroid hormone

56
Q

Parathyroid hormone function

A

Increase blood ca2+

57
Q

What are the two hormones that regulate calcium in the blood?

A

Calcitonin - decreases ca2+

Parathyroid hormone - increases ca2+

58
Q

What are the three general disorder causes?

A
  1. Hyposecretion of hormones
    - below or low amount
  2. Hypersecretion of hormones
    - above or too much
  3. Lack of functional hormone receptor
59
Q

Iodine deficiency goiter cause

A

Insufficient amount of dietary iodine

60
Q

Effect of iodine deficiency goiter

A
  • decreases TH causing decrease of NFL ➡️ high TRH & TSH
  • ELEVATED TSH = ABNORMAL GROWTH OF THYROID GLAND
61
Q

What are the symptoms of an iodine deficiency goiter

A
  • low metabolic rate
  • weight gain
  • cold sensitivity
  • lethargy (tired)
62
Q

Hashimoto disease is caused by

A

Autoimmunity to thyroid gland - breaks down the thyroid gland

63
Q

What is the effect of Hashimoto disease

A

Damaged thyroid gland = decrease TH

  • decreased TH = decrease NFL= High TSH & TRH
64
Q

What is the treatment for Hashimoto disease?

A

Give thyroid hormone

65
Q

Graved disease cause

A

Autoimmunity to TSH receptor of thyroid gland

66
Q

What is the effect of Graves’ disease

A

Thyroid gland always on = increase TH = increase in NFL = decrease in TRH & TSH

67
Q

What are the symptoms of Graves’ disease? And how is it treated?

A

Symptoms :
- high metabolic rate
- weight loss
- heat sensitivity
Anxious
Insomnia
- Bulging eyes

Treatment :
Drug to decrease thyroid hormone production

68
Q

Sensory transduction occurs in __________

A

Sensory receptors

69
Q

Sensory transduction function

A

Converts sensation into action potentials

70
Q

Synaptic transmission occurs _________

A

At synapses

71
Q

Synaptic transmission function

A

Communication b/w two cells

72
Q

Signal transduction occurs in _______

A

Target cells

73
Q

Signal transduction function

A

Convert a ligand binding event into a cell response

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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