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Physio Fall 22 > L12- Pt 2 > Flashcards

L12- Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intrinsic regulation

A

“Inside”

  • build in control
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2
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

“Exit” or External

Controlled externally

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3
Q

Cardiac output (co)

A

Volume of blood ejected/min

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4
Q

Why is cardiac output regulated?

A

To increase/ decrease blood flow to meet changes in energy (ATP) needs

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5
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

CO= HR x SV
(ml/min) (beats/min) (ml/beats)

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6
Q

What is cardiac output (CO) at rest and maximal exercise?

A

Rest = 5000ml/min

Max exercise = 20000ml/min

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7
Q

If CO is constant and HR increases, what will happen to SV?

A

SV (stroke volume) will decrease to maintain Cardiac output

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8
Q

If HR is constant and SV increases, what will happen to CO?

A

CO will increase

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9
Q

How is CO regulated ?

A

By heart rate and Stroke volume

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10
Q

Regulating heart rate (HR)
(Extrinsic regulation)

A
  • sympathetic NS ➡️ increases hr
  • parasympathetic NS ➡️ decreases hr
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11
Q

3 factors that affect Stroke volume (SV)

A
  1. End diastolic volume (EDV
  2. Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
  3. Contractility of ventricles
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12
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A
  • ventricular volume at the end of diastole (relaxation)
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13
Q

Frank starling law of the heart

A

Increase EDV ➡️ allowing for more optimal sarcomere length & increase Ca2+
➡️ increases cross bridge formation

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14
Q

What affects end diastolic volume?

A

Venous return

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15
Q

What affects venous return (VR)?

A

Blood pressure & venous pressure

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16
Q

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

A

Frictional resistance to blood flow from vessels

(Artery diameter)

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17
Q

During vasoconstriction TPR decreases, which causes the arteries diameter to decrease which causes SV to ________

A

Increase ; heart contracts less hard to maintain sv

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18
Q

If TPR increases, the arteries diameter must _______ and the sv will _________

A

Arteries = increase

SV = decrease

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19
Q

What affects TPR?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system ( increases overall TPR)
    - vasoconstriction (viscera/skin)
    - vasodilation (skeletal muscle)
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system (decreases overall TPR)
    - vasodilation (intestinal tract)
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20
Q

Contractility of ventricles

A

Strength of ventricular contraction

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21
Q

What affects Contractility of ventricles?

A
  1. Sympathetic NS (Extrinsic)
    - innervates myocardial cells ➡️ increasing ca+ in sarcoplasm ➡️ increase cross bridge formation ➡️ increase contraction strength
  2. Frank starling law (intrinsic)
    - increase EDV ➡️ stretch myocardial cells ➡️ allow sarcomere @ optimal length ➡️ increases contraction strength
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22
Q

Why regulate blood flow?

A

To redistribute blood flow as needed
- not enough blood to fill all capillaries at once

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23
Q

Redistributed blood flow is needed for :

A
  1. Thermal regulation
  2. Meet metabolic demands
    - exercising or @ rest
  3. Maintain Blood pressure (BP)
    - hydrated or dehydrated
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24
Q

Equation for blood flow (F)

A

F= p/R
Pressure/ Resistance

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25
Q

Blood flow (F)

A

Volume of blood moving/time

26
Q

Pressure (P) - blood pressure

A

Driving force created by heart contraction (arteries)

27
Q

Resistance (R)

A

Effects vessel diameter

28
Q

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

A

Resistance caused by all blood vessels in the systemic circuit

29
Q

If P generated by the heart stays the same, and R increases due to vessels contracting, what will happen to F through the vessels?

A

F: flow through the vessels will decrease

30
Q

In what vessel does constriction/ dilation occur that allows for redistributed blood?

A

Arterioles

31
Q

Parallel arranged arterioles allows selective change in BF to organs

TRUE or FALSE

A

True

32
Q

What are the two smooth muscle locations where distribution of blood flow is regulated?

A

W/in capillaries; arteriolar smooth muscle & pre-capillary sphincter

33
Q

Pre-capillary sphincters

A

Decrease blood flow to tissue

34
Q

Intrinsic control mechanism for blood flow

Hint: 2 types

A
  1. Metabolic
    - metabolic waste + increase temp. In interstitial fluid = vasodilation
  2. Myogenic
    - increase BP = vasoconstriction
    Decrease BP = vasodilation
35
Q

Extrinsic control mechanism for blood flow

A
  • caused by nervous and endocrine system
    Acts on arteriolar smooth muscle:
    1. Control BP
    2. Regulate BF to muscle for exercise/ skin for temp. Regulation
36
Q

Angiotensin II (hormone)

A

Constricts arterioles

37
Q

ADH/ Vasopressin

A

Constricts arterioles

38
Q

Sympathoadrenal control on blood flow

A

Rest: sympathetic tone = basal level body wide vasoconstriction

Flight/ Fight:
- skin/ viscera arteriolar smooth muscle ➡️ NE bind to alpha receptor = vasoconstriction

  • skeletal muscle arteriolar smooth muscle ➡️ E bind to beta receptor = vasodilation
    OR ACH bind to muscarinic receptors = vasodilation
39
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system control on blood flow (BF)

A

Rest/digest: limited to vasodilation (Ach) to intestines & genitalia

40
Q

Blood pressure

A

Pressure of blood in the cardiovascular system

41
Q

Why is blood pressure regulated?

A

Maintain adequate blood flow to tissues

42
Q

Equation for BP

A

BP=CO x TPR

43
Q

How is BP regulated?

A
  • HR, SV, TPR

By using baroreceptor reflex

44
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Assures enough driving pressure (BP) to meet blood flow needs to tissues

45
Q

How is BP altered if ONLY HR is increased, SV and TPR stay the same?

A

BP would increase

46
Q

What are the two locations where stretch receptors are found w/in the heart?

A

Carotid baroreceptor and Aortic baroreceptors

47
Q

Carotid baroreceptors

A

Wall of carotid arteries

48
Q

Aortic baroreceptors

A

In wall of aortic arch

49
Q

How do baroreceptors work?

A

Increase BP at rest
- stretching of baroreceptors = increase AP firing to cardiac control center in medulla

50
Q

In the nFL for baroreceptor reflex what is the stimulus
Sensors
Integration center
Effector

A

Stimulus = increase/ decrease of blood pressure

Sensors = baroreceptors - sensory neurons ( aortic & carotid baroreceptor)

Integration center = medulla oblongata

Effector =
1. Heart - SNS increasing heart rate & PNS decreasing heart rate
2. Arterioles - increase SNS = increase TPR

51
Q

Why regulate blood volume?

A

Maintain blood pressure
- maintain osmolarity
(Effects venous return)

52
Q

What affects blood volume?

A
  • h2o balance
    ( gain or loss water)
  • blood loss
53
Q

What is water balance

A

Water intake = water secreted

54
Q

How do we gain and lose water daily?

A

Gain : eating & drinking

Loose :
Urinating, feces, sweat, breathing

55
Q

Fluid compartments - ISF , plasma, cells

A

Intracellular fluid = 67%

Blood plasma = 8%

Interstitial fluid = 25%

56
Q

What happens when a person is dehydrated

A

BV⬇️ = VR⬇️ = EDV ⬇️ = SV ⬇️ =CO⬇️= BP ⬇️

57
Q

Capillary exchange

A
  • allow nutrient absorption
    Between fluid compartments ( depends on BV & BP)
58
Q

Describe how blood pressure and blood osmotic pressure interact to create fluid in nutrient movement out of capillaries at the arteriolar end and fluid with the cellular waste back in the capillaries at the venule end

A

Arteriolar end :
blood pressure out > blood osmotic pressure in = net filtration pressure

Venule end:
Blood pressure out < blood osmotic pressure in = net reabsorption pressure

59
Q

At the arterial end, what is the blood pressure and osmotic pressure? Venule end?

A

Arterial end:
- osmotic pressure = 21 mmhg
- blood pressure = 30 mmhg

Venule end:
- osmotic pressure = 21mmhg
- blood pressure = 15mmhg

60
Q

Laminar flow

A

No sound

61
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Sound

62
Q

Why must cellular waste be moved back into capillaries?

A

Prevents waste build up

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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