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Physio Fall 22 > L12- Pt 2 > Flashcards

L12- Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intrinsic regulation

A

“Inside”

  • build in control
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2
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

“Exit” or External

Controlled externally

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3
Q

Cardiac output (co)

A

Volume of blood ejected/min

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4
Q

Why is cardiac output regulated?

A

To increase/ decrease blood flow to meet changes in energy (ATP) needs

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5
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

CO= HR x SV
(ml/min) (beats/min) (ml/beats)

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6
Q

What is cardiac output (CO) at rest and maximal exercise?

A

Rest = 5000ml/min

Max exercise = 20000ml/min

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7
Q

If CO is constant and HR increases, what will happen to SV?

A

SV (stroke volume) will decrease to maintain Cardiac output

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8
Q

If HR is constant and SV increases, what will happen to CO?

A

CO will increase

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9
Q

How is CO regulated ?

A

By heart rate and Stroke volume

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10
Q

Regulating heart rate (HR)
(Extrinsic regulation)

A
  • sympathetic NS ➡️ increases hr
  • parasympathetic NS ➡️ decreases hr
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11
Q

3 factors that affect Stroke volume (SV)

A
  1. End diastolic volume (EDV
  2. Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
  3. Contractility of ventricles
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12
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A
  • ventricular volume at the end of diastole (relaxation)
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13
Q

Frank starling law of the heart

A

Increase EDV ➡️ allowing for more optimal sarcomere length & increase Ca2+
➡️ increases cross bridge formation

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14
Q

What affects end diastolic volume?

A

Venous return

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15
Q

What affects venous return (VR)?

A

Blood pressure & venous pressure

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16
Q

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

A

Frictional resistance to blood flow from vessels

(Artery diameter)

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17
Q

During vasoconstriction TPR decreases, which causes the arteries diameter to decrease which causes SV to ________

A

Increase ; heart contracts less hard to maintain sv

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18
Q

If TPR increases, the arteries diameter must _______ and the sv will _________

A

Arteries = increase

SV = decrease

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19
Q

What affects TPR?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system ( increases overall TPR)
    - vasoconstriction (viscera/skin)
    - vasodilation (skeletal muscle)
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system (decreases overall TPR)
    - vasodilation (intestinal tract)
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20
Q

Contractility of ventricles

A

Strength of ventricular contraction

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21
Q

What affects Contractility of ventricles?

A
  1. Sympathetic NS (Extrinsic)
    - innervates myocardial cells ➡️ increasing ca+ in sarcoplasm ➡️ increase cross bridge formation ➡️ increase contraction strength
  2. Frank starling law (intrinsic)
    - increase EDV ➡️ stretch myocardial cells ➡️ allow sarcomere @ optimal length ➡️ increases contraction strength
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22
Q

Why regulate blood flow?

A

To redistribute blood flow as needed
- not enough blood to fill all capillaries at once

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23
Q

Redistributed blood flow is needed for :

A
  1. Thermal regulation
  2. Meet metabolic demands
    - exercising or @ rest
  3. Maintain Blood pressure (BP)
    - hydrated or dehydrated
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24
Q

Equation for blood flow (F)

A

F= p/R
Pressure/ Resistance

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25
Blood flow (F)
Volume of blood moving/time
26
Pressure (P) - blood pressure
Driving force created by heart contraction (arteries)
27
Resistance (R)
Effects vessel diameter
28
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Resistance caused by all blood vessels in the systemic circuit
29
If P generated by the heart stays the same, and R increases due to vessels contracting, what will happen to F through the vessels?
F: flow through the vessels will decrease
30
In what vessel does constriction/ dilation occur that allows for redistributed blood?
Arterioles
31
Parallel arranged arterioles allows selective change in BF to organs TRUE or FALSE
True
32
What are the two smooth muscle locations where distribution of blood flow is regulated?
W/in capillaries; arteriolar smooth muscle & pre-capillary sphincter
33
Pre-capillary sphincters
Decrease blood flow to tissue
34
Intrinsic control mechanism for blood flow Hint: 2 types
1. Metabolic - metabolic waste + increase temp. In interstitial fluid = vasodilation 2. Myogenic - increase BP = vasoconstriction Decrease BP = vasodilation
35
Extrinsic control mechanism for blood flow
- caused by nervous and endocrine system Acts on arteriolar smooth muscle: 1. Control BP 2. Regulate BF to muscle for exercise/ skin for temp. Regulation
36
Angiotensin II (hormone)
Constricts arterioles
37
ADH/ Vasopressin
Constricts arterioles
38
Sympathoadrenal control on blood flow
Rest: sympathetic tone = basal level body wide vasoconstriction Flight/ Fight: - skin/ viscera arteriolar smooth muscle ➡️ NE bind to alpha receptor = vasoconstriction - skeletal muscle arteriolar smooth muscle ➡️ E bind to beta receptor = vasodilation OR ACH bind to muscarinic receptors = vasodilation
39
Parasympathetic nervous system control on blood flow (BF)
Rest/digest: limited to vasodilation (Ach) to intestines & genitalia
40
Blood pressure
Pressure of blood in the cardiovascular system
41
Why is blood pressure regulated?
Maintain adequate blood flow to tissues
42
Equation for BP
BP=CO x TPR
43
How is BP regulated?
- HR, SV, TPR By using baroreceptor reflex
44
Baroreceptor reflex
Assures enough driving pressure (BP) to meet blood flow needs to tissues
45
How is BP altered if ONLY HR is increased, SV and TPR stay the same?
BP would increase
46
What are the two locations where stretch receptors are found w/in the heart?
Carotid baroreceptor and Aortic baroreceptors
47
Carotid baroreceptors
Wall of carotid arteries
48
Aortic baroreceptors
In wall of aortic arch
49
How do baroreceptors work?
Increase BP at rest - stretching of baroreceptors = increase AP firing to cardiac control center in medulla
50
In the nFL for baroreceptor reflex what is the stimulus Sensors Integration center Effector
Stimulus = increase/ decrease of blood pressure Sensors = baroreceptors - sensory neurons ( aortic & carotid baroreceptor) Integration center = medulla oblongata Effector = 1. Heart - SNS increasing heart rate & PNS decreasing heart rate 2. Arterioles - increase SNS = increase TPR
51
Why regulate blood volume?
Maintain blood pressure - maintain osmolarity (Effects venous return)
52
What affects blood volume?
- h2o balance ( gain or loss water) - blood loss
53
What is water balance
Water intake = water secreted
54
How do we gain and lose water daily?
Gain : eating & drinking Loose : Urinating, feces, sweat, breathing
55
Fluid compartments - ISF , plasma, cells
Intracellular fluid = 67% Blood plasma = 8% Interstitial fluid = 25%
56
What happens when a person is dehydrated
BV⬇️ = VR⬇️ = EDV ⬇️ = SV ⬇️ =CO⬇️= BP ⬇️
57
Capillary exchange
- allow nutrient absorption Between fluid compartments ( depends on BV & BP)
58
Describe how blood pressure and blood osmotic pressure interact to create fluid in nutrient movement out of capillaries at the arteriolar end and fluid with the cellular waste back in the capillaries at the venule end
Arteriolar end : blood pressure out > blood osmotic pressure in = net filtration pressure Venule end: Blood pressure out < blood osmotic pressure in = net reabsorption pressure
59
At the arterial end, what is the blood pressure and osmotic pressure? Venule end?
Arterial end: - osmotic pressure = 21 mmhg - blood pressure = 30 mmhg Venule end: - osmotic pressure = 21mmhg - blood pressure = 15mmhg
60
Laminar flow
No sound
61
Turbulent flow
Sound
62
Why must cellular waste be moved back into capillaries?
Prevents waste build up

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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