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Physio Fall 22 > L17-metabolism > Flashcards

L17-metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

All Chemical & energy transactions in organisms

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2
Q

Energy input is from

A

Food energy

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3
Q

Energy output is caused from

A

Internal work - breathing, digestion, nerve conduction

External work - eyes movement, posture

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4
Q

What are the three states of energy balance

A
  1. Energy output = energy output
  2. Energy input > energy output = gain weight
  3. Energy input < energy output = lose weight
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5
Q

Energy balance equation

A

E in= E out

(Food intake) (metabolic rate)

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6
Q

Adaptive thermogenesis

A

Heat energy expended in response to
1. Ambient temperature ( shivering/ sweating)
2. Digestion/ absorption of food

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7
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Rate of burning fuel in cells when awake, resting, fasting, and at comfortable temperature (“coat of living”)

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8
Q

What is regulated by the body?

A
  1. Food intake (hormones)
  2. Adaptive thermogenesis (by shivering/sweating)
  3. Basal metabolic rate ( by thyroid hormone)
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9
Q

Regulation of food intake to maintain energy balance equation

A

Food intake = BMR + activity + adaptive thermogenesis

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10
Q

Hunger regulation is maintained by what 3 hormones

A

Leptin, insulin and ghrelin

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11
Q

Leptin (adipocytes) and insulin (pancreas) stimulates

A

“satiety” ( satisfy) center in hypothalamus
- long term regulation of body fat

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12
Q

Ghrelin

A

Released by empty stomach
- stimulates “hunger” center in hypothalamus
- short term/immediate regulation

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13
Q

Where are the two places fat or adipocytes can be found

A
  1. Subcutaneous fat
  2. Visceral fat
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14
Q

Subcutaneous fat

A

Located under skin/ subcutaneous

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15
Q

Visceral fat

A

Located around internal organs

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16
Q

Is subcutaneous or visceral fat more sensitive to insulin

A

Subcutaneous fat = lowers risk of diabetes

Visceral fat = higher risk to diabetes

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17
Q

Not all fat is created equal

TRUE or False

A

True

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18
Q

Regulation of body temperature NFL
Sensors, integrator, effectors

A

Sensor: thermoreceptors in hypothalamus & skin
Integrator: hypothalamus via sympathetic NS
Effectors:

Heat - vasodilation, sweating
Cold - vasoconstriction , shivering, piloerectiom

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19
Q

Relationship between ambient temperature, body temperature, and metabolic rate

A
  • body temperature must remain constant
  • body will compensate to a point for heat loss/ heat gain
  • metabolic rate will increase as body compensates to maintain body temperature
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20
Q

Ambient temperature (T) demonstrates

A

Stable body temp to appoint until it’s too high or too low

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21
Q

Metabolic rate (mb) demonstrates

A
  • BMR is maintained w/in a narrow range of ambient temperatures
    Outside narrow range = body compensate for heat gain/ loss
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22
Q

Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)

A

Narrow range metabolic rate is maintained

  • 79-91 F
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23
Q

How is the TNZ maintained

A

Body temperature is maintained by dilation/constriction of vessels

MR = BMR

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24
Q

If Temperature is outside the TNZ such as too high and too low what needs to be done

A

Lose heat = sweat
Gain heat = shiver
( this causes metabolic rate to increase)

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25
Q

How is basal metabolic rate (BMR) measured

A
  • amount of heat generated
  • amount of oxygen consumed
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26
Q

How is basal metabolic rate regulated?

A

Thyroxine (T4) - converted to active T3 inside target cell

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27
Q

Mechanism of basal metabolic rate

A

Increase rate of cell respiration = increases BMR

  • metabolic rate = BMR + physical activity + adaptive thermogenesis
28
Q

What are the 2 fuel sources (pool of energy substrates)

A

Reserves & circulating

29
Q

Reserves

A

Used between meals when we are fasted

  • glycogen - glucose
  • fat stores - fatty acids
  • protein = amino acids
30
Q

Circulating

A

Use after meals when we are feasted

  • glucose
  • fatty acids
  • amino acids
31
Q

Fuel metabolism

A

All reactions involving degradation, synthesis and transformation of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

32
Q

Ambolism

A

Synthesis: building up

33
Q

Catabolism

A

Degradation: breaking down

34
Q

Fuel metabolism rules

A
  1. Cell respiration is ongoing (independent of eating)
  2. Cell respiration can burn all monomers ➡️ ATP
  3. Ingestion provides excess nutrients that must be dealt with
  4. Brain normally uses only glucose
  5. Glucose can be made form:
    - amino acids ( during starvation/ fasting)
    - glycerol
    -
35
Q

Goal of fuel metabolism

A

Provide cells with what they need

36
Q

Problem with fuel metabolism

A

We switch from feasted to fasted states
And brain always needs glucose

37
Q

How does the body ensure glucose for the brain at all times?

A

Hormones!!
- store fuel after feasting
- release fuel during fasting

38
Q

What organs are involved in fuel metabolism

A

Intestines, liver, adipose tissue & muscle

39
Q

Intestines function in fuel metabolism

A

Supplies fuel after a meal

40
Q

Livers function in fuel metabolism

A

Stores fuel and inter conversion of free fatty acids to ketones during starvation ➡️ for brain

41
Q

Muscles function in fuel metabolism

A

Stores fuel

42
Q

Adipose tissue function in fuel metabolism

A

Stores fuel

43
Q

Gluconeogenesis (as’s, glycerol)

A

Make new glucose from amino acids and glycerol ( triglycerides)

44
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Break down glucose it already has

45
Q

Glycogenesis

A

After a meal store glucose

46
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Turn free fatty acids into ketones for the brain to use as fuel

47
Q

Short term regulation of blood glucose
(Meal to meal)

A

Insulin - decrease blood sugar

Glucagon- increase blood sugar

48
Q

Long term regulation of blood glucose
( response to stress, cold exposure, growth spurts)

A

Regulated by hormones
- epinephrine = increase blood sugar
- cortisol = increase blood sugar
- growth hormone = increase blood sugar

49
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood sugar, promotes nutrient storage (anabolism)

50
Q

How does insulin lower blood sugar levels?

A

Inserts glucose channels into cell

51
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Formation of new triglycerides (fat) in adipose tissue

52
Q

Lipoysis

A

Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue

53
Q

Insulin effects on the liver, muscles and adipose tissue

A

Liver = stores glucose ( glycogenesis)

Muscles = store glycogen/ build protein ( glycogenesis , protein synthesis)

Adipose tissue = creates fat ( lipogenesis)

54
Q

Glycogen

A

Raises blood sugar levels, promotes energy release (catabolism)

55
Q

How does glycogen raise blood sugar levels?

A

Phosphorylates enzymes by cAMP (2nd messengers)

56
Q

Glucagons effects on the liver and adipose tissue

A

Liver = breaks down glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis)

Adipose tissue = breaks down fat (lipolysis)

57
Q

Stress

A

Physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension

58
Q

Stress response

A

A generalized nonspecific response to any major threat to homeostasis

59
Q

Stressors

A

Anything that causes stress
- physical trauma
- emotional trauma
- strenuous exercise
- cold

60
Q

Adrenal gland ________ stress response

A

Mediates

61
Q

Cortisol

A
  • releases by adrenal cortex
  • responds to long term stress ( sickness)
62
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • released by adrenal medulla
  • it responds to fast stress (short term) - fight or flight
63
Q

Lambic system

A

Emotions

64
Q

What stress requires a physical response “fight or flight”

A
  • acute stress
  • activated adrenal medulla via Sympathetic NS
65
Q

What stress doesn’t require a physical response

A
  • cold stress, growth, emotional stress, trauma, sickness
  • activated adrenal cortex ( cortical)
  • causes immune suppression overtime = illness

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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