L1 (intoduction) Flashcards
Physiology
“Nature study” ; body functions
Anatomy
“Cutting up” ; body structure
Levels of organization
O: organism
O: organ system
O: organ
T: tissue
C: cell
O: organelle
M: macromolecule
M: molecule
A: atom
S: subatomic particle
Tissue
Group of cells with similar function
Epithelial tissue (functions)
Lining, transport, absorption, secretion
Connective tissue (functions)
Strength, supports, elasticity (allows to stretch)
Muscle tissue (functions)
Movement
Nerve tissue (functions)
Information synthesis, communication, control
Organ
Two or more tissues
Nervous system
1. Main function
2. Major organs
- Regulation of other body systems (use chemical and electrical signals to send/ receive messages)
- Brain, spinal cord & nerves
Endocrine system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Secretion of regulating molecules (hormones)
- Hormone secreting glands (Pituitary gland, adrenal gland & thyroid gland)
Muscular system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Movement of skeleton
- Skeletal muscles
Skeletal system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Support and movement
- Bones and cartilage
Circulatory system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Movement of blood through cardiovascular system and lymph through lymphatic system
- Blood vessels, heart, & lymphatic vessels
Respiratory system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Gas exchange
- Lungs,airways (nose/mouth)
Urinary system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Regulation of blood volume and composition
- Kidneys, bladder, uriters, urethra
Almentary (digestive) system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Breakdown of food into molecules that enter the body (use for energy)
- Mouth, stomach, large & small intestine, gallbladder, pancreas,
Reproductive system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Continuation of human species
- Gonads, external genitalia, associated glands/ ducts
Integumentary system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Protection/ thermoregulation
- Skin, nails, hair
Immune system
1. Function
2. Major organs
- Defense of the body against invading pathogens
- Red bone marrow, lymphoid organs
Steps of scientific method
- Observation
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Analysis
- Conclusion
Theory
Highly supported hypothesis
Evolution
Gradual development of something simple to complex
Life functions
Everything our bodies don
Homeostasis
The dynamic constancy of the body’s internal environment
Proteins
Essential to cell function; carry out mechanisms (“workers”)
What are the 5 life functions in life?
Metabolize- produce atp, build muscle & bone
Sense & respond - white blood cells attack invaders, pull hand away from hot stove
Move - go for a walk or run ( external) organelles move w/in cell (internal)
Grow & repair - fetus to adult ; injury/ infection
Reproduce - prepare endometrium ( lining of uterus)
Negative feedback (NFL)
Reverses the direction of a changing parameter
What are some examples of parameters?
O2, glucose, h2o, ions, pH, BP, heat
Steps of a negative feedback loop
- Sensor
- Integrator center
- Effector
Parameter
Regulated variable ( temp or pH)
Set point
Value the body tries to maintain
Range
Value within which parameter must fall between ; if outside sensor is triggered sending stimulus to integrating center
Integrating center
Receives input from sensor, comparing set point/ range deciding rather or not respond with an effector
Effector
Produces response in the muscles or glands, taking action and returning the parameter to normal range ( defending homeostasis)
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic regarding negative feedback loops?
Intrinsic is built into organs and extrinsic is the regulation of an organ by the nervous/ endocrine system.
Positive feedback
The effector amplifies direction of changing parameter
What distinguishes a negative feedback loop from a positive feedback loop?
Negative feedback loops reverse the direction of the changing parameter while, positive feedback loop amplifies the direction
What are some examples of positive feedback loop?
Contractions - help push the baby out
Clotting - stop bleeding
Milk let down- when baby stops sucking milk stops coming out
What is an example of negative feedback loop?
Blood glucose, blood pressure
Protein
1 of the macromolecules, where it’s three demential structure determines its function
What are the 2 categories of proteins.
Structural proteins- provide support, shape & strength
(Do not move!!)
Functional proteins - do work!!! (Machine’s)
