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Physio Fall 22 > L16- Digestion (last Test) > Flashcards

L16- Digestion (last Test) Flashcards

1
Q

Cell respiration

A

Biochemical pathway for ATP production

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body ( catabolism + anabolism of fat, protein, carbohydrates)

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Occurs in a tube through the middle of the body ( extracellular)

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4
Q

What are the four functions of the digestion system?

A

Ingest, digest, move, absorb

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5
Q

Ingest

A
  • take in nutrients
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6
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals we need and cannot make

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7
Q

Why are nutrients important to ingest?

A

Required for fuel, structure, cellular processes

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8
Q

Digest

A

Convert polymers to monomers/ subunits

  • protein ➡️ amino acids
  • carbohydrates ➡️ glucose
  • triglycerides ➡️ fatty acids, glycerol
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9
Q

What are the two ways to digest food?

A

Mechanically- teeth & smooth muscle

Chemical- enzymes

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10
Q

Move

A

Transports through intestinal tract ( smooth muscle)

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11
Q

Absorption occurs in what two locations and what is absorbed?

A

Blood - amino acids & glucose

Lymphatic capillaries- fats

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12
Q

What are the five nutrients we need?

A
  • fuel molecules, amino acids, water, minerals, vitamins
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13
Q

Fuel molecules

A

Glucose and fatty acids ( make ATP)

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14
Q

Amino acids

A

Make proteins

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15
Q

Water

A
  • a solvent
  • maintains osmolarity & blood pressure
  • helps with chemical reactions
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16
Q

Minerals

A

Used in Bone, cofactors, nerve/ muscle functions, 2nd messengers, oxygen transport

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17
Q

Vitamins

A

Used for coenzymes

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18
Q

Gastrointestinal (gi) tract includes

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine & large intestine

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19
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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20
Q

The accessory organs part of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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21
Q

The accessory organs are specialized exocrine glands

TRUE or FALSE

A

True; they secrete into the digestive tract

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22
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus to allow movement

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23
Q

Generalized functions of the gi tract

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • absorption
  • enzymatic digestion
  • secretion of digestive enzymes & hormones
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24
Q

Gi tract secretes

A

Digestive enzymes and hormones

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25
Generalized functions of the accessory organs
- secrete digestive juice & mucus into tube
26
What are the 3 layers of the Gi tract? (Inner - out)
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa
27
Mucosa (mucus layer)
- inner lining of Gi tract - Secretes and absorbs
28
Submucosa
Highly vascular to absorb nutrients
29
Muscularis
- 2 layers of smooth muscle Mechanical digestion and propels food
30
Serosa
Serous membrane - secretes serous fluid to reduce friction
31
Rugae
Folds in the stomach
32
Functions of the stomach
- storage (primarily) - mechanically digests - secretes HCL -secretes Pepsinogen - secretes mucus = preventing damage to lining of stomach
33
HCL + Pepsinogen = ________
Pepsin
34
Chief cells in the stomach secrete _______ and Parietal cells secrete _________
Parietal cells = HCL Chief cells = Pepsinogen
35
Small intestine anatomy (order of folds)
1. Plicae 2. Villi 3. Villus 4. Microvilli
36
Enzymes are anchored within microvilli TRUE or FALSE
TRUE; final digestion
37
Functions of the small intestine
- digestion of nutrients - Absorption of monomers/subunits
38
Livers function
Produces bile
39
Gall bladder function
Stores bile
40
Pancreas functions
Endocrine = secrete insulin and glucagon into blood Exocrine = secrete digestive enzymes into duodenum of small intestine
41
4 processes of digestion
1. Motility 2. Mechanical digestion 3. Chemical digestion 4. Absorption
42
Motility includes
Peristalsis, segmentation & sphincters
43
Peristalsis
Propels food - wave of contractions
44
Segmentation
Mixes and propels food
45
Motility neural control regulation
Enteric NS: local control nervous system independent of brain Autonomic NS: sympathetic/ parasympathetic NS
46
Motility hormone control regulation
Paracrine
47
Motility regulation of pacemaker cell control
Intrinsic rhythm of smooth muscle due to pacemaker activity; gap junctions on net pacemaker cells to smooth muscle
48
Sphincters
Circular muscle that opens/close tubes
49
Sphincters function
Regulate passage of bogus/ chyme
50
Bolus
Food in esophagus
51
Chyme
Liquefied bolus; in stomach
52
Mechanical digestion includes
Teeth & muscle contraction (segmentation)
53
Carbohydrate digestion
Starch ➡️ mouth (salivary amylase) ➡️ stomach ➡️ small intestine = pancreatic amylase makes maltose (disaccharide) ➡️co transport Maltese ➡️glucose into blood
54
Enzymes in Protein digestion in small intestine
Pancreatic enzymes : trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase Brush boarder enzyme: aminopeptidase ( short chain polypeptides into AA’s & tri-/ di- peptides
55
_______ cleaves (cut) proteins into polypeptides
Pepsin
56
_______________ cleave peoptide bonds at the end of polypeptides
Aminopeptidase / carboxypepidase
57
_______ & ____________ cleave peptide bonds in the middle of polypeptides
Trypsin & chymotrypsin
58
Cleave Di- and tri- peptides to Amino acids
Dipeptidase & tripeptidase
59
On apical side during protein digestion what occurs
- secondary active co-transport w/ Na+ - Na+ gradient maintained by Na+/K+ pump
60
Basolateral side during protein digestion
Facilitates diffusion
61
What enzymes are found in the stomach? Pancreas that goes to intestines? Brush border? Epithelial cells? In protein digestion
Stomach = pepsin Pancreas ➡️ intestine - trypsin - chymotrypsin - carboxpeptidase Brush boarder = aminopeptidase Epithelial cells = di- & tri- peptidase
62
Lipid digestion ( reminder: lipids = macromolecule NOT polymer)
Consume triglycerides as fats (solid) & oils (liquid)
63
Emulsification of bile salts
Taking a large drop of fat and turning it into smaller droplets
64
During lipid digestion, it must __________ then digest
Emulsify
65
Lipid digestion mechanism
1. liver & gall bladder release bile into small intestine 2. Bile salts emulsify large fat droplets (make smaller droplets) 3. Pancreatic lipase digests fats ➡️ monoglyceride + FFA = Micelles 4. FFA’s/ monoglycerides leave micelles ➡️ intestinal cell 5. Triglycerides reassemble + protein = chylomicron 6. Chylomicron exocytosed (released) into lacteals (lymphatic capillary) ➡️ blood
66
Large intestine includes
Appendix, cecum, colon, rectum, & anal canal
67
Functions of the large intestine
- absorption of salts & water = solidify feces - microbiota ( provide vitamin K/B , digest fiber, aid h2o reabsorption, support immunity)
68
Liver functions include
Bile production, bio transformation & phagocytosis
69
Examples of biotransformation
- detoxification of blood - Transformation metabolite to secrete - Transform metabolites to store
70
What organs send their blood to the liver?
Stomach, intestines, pancreas, & spleen
71
What is secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine?
Bile from liver/gallbladder - acid chyme = stomach - Pancreatic juice = pancreas - Intestinal juice < helps neutralize PH>
72
Gastrin origin
Stomach
73
Gastrin stimulus
Protein in stomach
74
Response of Gastrin being released
G cells (stomach) secrete Gastrin into blood ➡️ stomach - parietal cells secrete HCL - chief cells secrete Pepsinogen HCL + Pepsinogen = pepsin
75
Secretin origin
Small intestine (duodenum)
76
Secretin stimulus
HCl from stomach goes into small intestine
77
Response to secretin being released
Tells pancreas (duct cells) secrete bicarbonate rich fluid into duodenum (neutralize stomach HCl)
78
Ckk (cholecystokinin) origin
Duodenum of small intestine
79
Stimulus of cck (cholecystokinin)
Fat in small intestine
80
Response to cck (cholecystokinin) being released
- tells pancreas (acinar cells) to secrete all digestive enzymes - tells gallbladder to secrete bile

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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