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Physio Fall 22 > L16- Digestion (last Test) > Flashcards

L16- Digestion (last Test) Flashcards

1
Q

Cell respiration

A

Biochemical pathway for ATP production

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body ( catabolism + anabolism of fat, protein, carbohydrates)

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Occurs in a tube through the middle of the body ( extracellular)

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4
Q

What are the four functions of the digestion system?

A

Ingest, digest, move, absorb

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5
Q

Ingest

A
  • take in nutrients
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6
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals we need and cannot make

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7
Q

Why are nutrients important to ingest?

A

Required for fuel, structure, cellular processes

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8
Q

Digest

A

Convert polymers to monomers/ subunits

  • protein ➡️ amino acids
  • carbohydrates ➡️ glucose
  • triglycerides ➡️ fatty acids, glycerol
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9
Q

What are the two ways to digest food?

A

Mechanically- teeth & smooth muscle

Chemical- enzymes

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10
Q

Move

A

Transports through intestinal tract ( smooth muscle)

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11
Q

Absorption occurs in what two locations and what is absorbed?

A

Blood - amino acids & glucose

Lymphatic capillaries- fats

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12
Q

What are the five nutrients we need?

A
  • fuel molecules, amino acids, water, minerals, vitamins
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13
Q

Fuel molecules

A

Glucose and fatty acids ( make ATP)

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14
Q

Amino acids

A

Make proteins

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15
Q

Water

A
  • a solvent
  • maintains osmolarity & blood pressure
  • helps with chemical reactions
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16
Q

Minerals

A

Used in Bone, cofactors, nerve/ muscle functions, 2nd messengers, oxygen transport

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17
Q

Vitamins

A

Used for coenzymes

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18
Q

Gastrointestinal (gi) tract includes

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine & large intestine

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19
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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20
Q

The accessory organs part of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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21
Q

The accessory organs are specialized exocrine glands

TRUE or FALSE

A

True; they secrete into the digestive tract

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22
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus to allow movement

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23
Q

Generalized functions of the gi tract

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • absorption
  • enzymatic digestion
  • secretion of digestive enzymes & hormones
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24
Q

Gi tract secretes

A

Digestive enzymes and hormones

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25
Q

Generalized functions of the accessory organs

A
  • secrete digestive juice & mucus into tube
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26
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Gi tract?
(Inner - out)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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27
Q

Mucosa (mucus layer)

A
  • inner lining of Gi tract
  • Secretes and absorbs
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28
Q

Submucosa

A

Highly vascular to absorb nutrients

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29
Q

Muscularis

A
  • 2 layers of smooth muscle
    Mechanical digestion and propels food
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30
Q

Serosa

A

Serous membrane - secretes serous fluid to reduce friction

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31
Q

Rugae

A

Folds in the stomach

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32
Q

Functions of the stomach

A
  • storage (primarily)
  • mechanically digests
  • secretes HCL
    -secretes Pepsinogen
  • secretes mucus = preventing damage to lining of stomach
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33
Q

HCL + Pepsinogen = ________

34
Q

Chief cells in the stomach secrete _______ and Parietal cells secrete _________

A

Parietal cells = HCL
Chief cells = Pepsinogen

35
Q

Small intestine anatomy (order of folds)

A
  1. Plicae
  2. Villi
  3. Villus
  4. Microvilli
36
Q

Enzymes are anchored within microvilli

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE; final digestion

37
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A
  • digestion of nutrients
  • Absorption of monomers/subunits
38
Q

Livers function

A

Produces bile

39
Q

Gall bladder function

A

Stores bile

40
Q

Pancreas functions

A

Endocrine = secrete insulin and glucagon into blood

Exocrine = secrete digestive enzymes into duodenum of small intestine

41
Q

4 processes of digestion

A
  1. Motility
  2. Mechanical digestion
  3. Chemical digestion
  4. Absorption
42
Q

Motility includes

A

Peristalsis, segmentation & sphincters

43
Q

Peristalsis

A

Propels food
- wave of contractions

44
Q

Segmentation

A

Mixes and propels food

45
Q

Motility neural control regulation

A

Enteric NS: local control nervous system independent of brain

Autonomic NS: sympathetic/ parasympathetic NS

46
Q

Motility hormone control regulation

47
Q

Motility regulation of pacemaker cell control

A

Intrinsic rhythm of smooth muscle due to pacemaker activity; gap junctions on net pacemaker cells to smooth muscle

48
Q

Sphincters

A

Circular muscle that opens/close tubes

49
Q

Sphincters function

A

Regulate passage of bogus/ chyme

50
Q

Bolus

A

Food in esophagus

51
Q

Chyme

A

Liquefied bolus; in stomach

52
Q

Mechanical digestion includes

A

Teeth & muscle contraction (segmentation)

53
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

Starch ➡️ mouth (salivary amylase) ➡️ stomach ➡️ small intestine = pancreatic amylase makes maltose (disaccharide) ➡️co transport Maltese ➡️glucose into blood

54
Q

Enzymes in Protein digestion in small intestine

A

Pancreatic enzymes : trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Brush boarder enzyme: aminopeptidase
( short chain polypeptides into AA’s & tri-/ di- peptides

55
Q

_______ cleaves (cut) proteins into polypeptides

56
Q

_______________ cleave peoptide bonds at the end of polypeptides

A

Aminopeptidase / carboxypepidase

57
Q

_______ & ____________ cleave peptide bonds in the middle of polypeptides

A

Trypsin & chymotrypsin

58
Q

Cleave Di- and tri- peptides to Amino acids

A

Dipeptidase & tripeptidase

59
Q

On apical side during protein digestion what occurs

A
  • secondary active co-transport w/ Na+
  • Na+ gradient maintained by Na+/K+ pump
60
Q

Basolateral side during protein digestion

A

Facilitates diffusion

61
Q

What enzymes are found in the stomach? Pancreas that goes to intestines? Brush border? Epithelial cells? In protein digestion

A

Stomach = pepsin

Pancreas ➡️ intestine
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
- carboxpeptidase

Brush boarder = aminopeptidase

Epithelial cells = di- & tri- peptidase

62
Q

Lipid digestion
( reminder: lipids = macromolecule NOT polymer)

A

Consume triglycerides as fats (solid) & oils (liquid)

63
Q

Emulsification of bile salts

A

Taking a large drop of fat and turning it into smaller droplets

64
Q

During lipid digestion, it must __________ then digest

65
Q

Lipid digestion mechanism

A
  1. liver & gall bladder release bile into small intestine
  2. Bile salts emulsify large fat droplets (make smaller droplets)
  3. Pancreatic lipase digests fats ➡️ monoglyceride + FFA = Micelles
  4. FFA’s/ monoglycerides leave micelles ➡️ intestinal cell
  5. Triglycerides reassemble + protein = chylomicron
  6. Chylomicron exocytosed (released) into lacteals (lymphatic capillary) ➡️ blood
66
Q

Large intestine includes

A

Appendix, cecum, colon, rectum, & anal canal

67
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A
  • absorption of salts & water = solidify feces
  • microbiota
    ( provide vitamin K/B , digest fiber, aid h2o reabsorption, support immunity)
68
Q

Liver functions include

A

Bile production, bio transformation & phagocytosis

69
Q

Examples of biotransformation

A
  • detoxification of blood
  • Transformation metabolite to secrete
  • Transform metabolites to store
70
Q

What organs send their blood to the liver?

A

Stomach, intestines, pancreas, & spleen

71
Q

What is secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine?

A

Bile from liver/gallbladder
- acid chyme = stomach
- Pancreatic juice = pancreas
- Intestinal juice < helps neutralize PH>

72
Q

Gastrin origin

73
Q

Gastrin stimulus

A

Protein in stomach

74
Q

Response of Gastrin being released

A

G cells (stomach) secrete Gastrin into blood ➡️ stomach
- parietal cells secrete HCL
- chief cells secrete Pepsinogen
HCL + Pepsinogen = pepsin

75
Q

Secretin origin

A

Small intestine (duodenum)

76
Q

Secretin stimulus

A

HCl from stomach goes into small intestine

77
Q

Response to secretin being released

A

Tells pancreas (duct cells) secrete bicarbonate rich fluid into duodenum (neutralize stomach HCl)

78
Q

Ckk (cholecystokinin) origin

A

Duodenum of small intestine

79
Q

Stimulus of cck (cholecystokinin)

A

Fat in small intestine

80
Q

Response to cck (cholecystokinin) being released

A
  • tells pancreas (acinar cells) to secrete all digestive enzymes
  • tells gallbladder to secrete bile

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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