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Physio Fall 22 > L2 ( Chemistry & Proteins) > Flashcards

L2 ( Chemistry & Proteins) Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter

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2
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass & takes up space

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3
Q

Element

A

Substance of one type of atom

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4
Q

Cell

A

Smallest unit of life

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5
Q

What are the three subatomic particles found in an atom?

A

Protons, neurons, electrons

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6
Q

What is a neutral atom?

A

The number of electrons = number of protons

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7
Q

What is the consequence of changing the number of protons?

A

It turns into a new element

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8
Q

What is the consequence of changing the number of neurons?

A

It is now an isotope

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9
Q

What is the consequence of changing the number of electrons?

A

It is turned into an ion

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10
Q

What subatomic particles are included in the atomic mass?

A

Protons (+) and neurons (0)

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11
Q

Atomic number is the number of —

A

Protons

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12
Q

What subatomic particle is involved in chemical reactions?

A

Electrons

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13
Q

How many electrons can fit in the 1st shell? 2nd? 3rd?

A

1st shell = 2 electrons

2nd shell - 8 electrons

3rd shell - 8 electrons

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14
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms bonded together

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15
Q

Chemical bonds

A

“Energy” links formed by electrons, that produce molecules

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16
Q

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

A

Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Two or more shared electrons

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18
Q

What is the difference between a Nonpolar covalent and a Polar covalent?

A

Nonpolar covalent = electrons shared evenly

Polar covalent = electrons not share evenly

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19
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Electrons are stolen or transferred to another atom

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20
Q

What is an electrolyte solution?

A

A solution with dissolved substances like ions that can conduct electricity

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21
Q

What 2 processes in the body require that body fluids are electrolytes?

A

Nerve conduction and muscle contractions

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22
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak attraction between H+ and negative end of polar molecules

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23
Q

What happens when a protein molecule becomes denatured?

A

The hydrogen bond breaks, unfolding the protein

24
Q

What are factors that can denature a hydrogen bond?

A

Temperature ( heat) , pH, salt

25
Q

What is a solute?

A

A dissolved substance

26
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance that does the dissolving

27
Q

What are the 5 functions of water?

A

Lubricant, cushion, chemistry, coolant, solvent

28
Q

What is the difference between Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis?

A

Dehydration synthesis - removal of water

Hydrolysis- water is added

29
Q

Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic = “fear water” ; doesn’t like water

Hydrophilic = likes water

30
Q

What is the difference between a solutions and electricity?

A

Solutions disolves likes ( polar/polar or Nonpolar/ Nonpolar)

Electricity attracts opposites

31
Q

pH is a regulated parameter

True or false

A

True

32
Q

What is the pH range in the body?

extracellular fluid

A

7.35 - 7.45

33
Q

What mechanism will become activated if pH falls outside its normal range?

A

Negative feedback (NFL)

34
Q

What is an acid?

A

Release H+ (proton donor)

35
Q

What is a base?

A

Release OH- or accepts H+ (proton acceptor)

36
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Chemical that when added to solution it resists changes in pH by releasing or binding H+

37
Q

Strong vs week acid

A

Strong acid releases all H+

Weak acid releases some H+

38
Q

What is the difference between a substrate and a reactant?

A

A substrate = biology - binds to an active site of an enzyme

Reactant = chemistry - enters a chemical reaction in organic chemistry

39
Q

Reaction rate depends on…

A
40
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules and their subunits?

A

Carbohydrates - glucose (monosaccharides)
Lipids - fatty acid+ glycerol + cholesterol
Protein - 20 amino acids
Nuclei acid - nucleotides

41
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

42
Q

What are carbohydrates function(s) in the body?

A

Energy (glucose ➡️ cell respiration ➡️ ATP)

Storage - ( later use ➡️ glycogen)

43
Q

What is the name of storage form for carbohydrates in humans? Animals?

A

Humans = glycogen

Animals = starch

44
Q

What are the four types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, ketones, phospholipids, steroids

45
Q

Triglycerides

A

Glycol + 3 fatty acids = stored fat

46
Q

Ketones

A

Form during fasting, low carb diet & in uncontrolled diabetes

47
Q

Phospholipid

A

Removes fatty acid and adds phosphate

48
Q

Steroids

A

From cholesterol

49
Q

What are the 2 macromolecules used in protein synthesis?

A

DNA & RNA

50
Q

What is an R group?

A

A variable region of an amino acid

51
Q

What is a peptide? Peptide bond?

A

Peptide = 2-3 amino acids

Peptide bond = name for covalent bond b/w animo acids

52
Q

Describe the four levels of protein structure

A

Primary - formed by peptide bonds b/w amino acids

Secondary- formed by hydrogen bonds b/w amino acids ( folding)

Tertiary - various weak bonds b/w R groups of amino acids causing more folding

Quaternary - 2 or more polypeptides joined by covalent bonds

53
Q

Specificity

A

Only one ligand can bind to a specific protein

54
Q

Affinity

A

How strongly a protein will bind

55
Q

Saturation

A

Only fraction of binding sites will be occupied at a time

56
Q

Describe 3 ways of regulating protein function

A
  1. Allosteric modulation. - binds to different spot of protein rather then binding site
  2. Covalent modulation - phosphate added ( phosphorylation) turning protein on
  3. Genetic regulation - turn gene on to bind protein when needed
    Ex) boys during puberty

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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