L2 ( Chemistry & Proteins) Flashcards
Atom
Smallest unit of matter
Matter
Anything that has mass & takes up space
Element
Substance of one type of atom
Cell
Smallest unit of life
What are the three subatomic particles found in an atom?
Protons, neurons, electrons
What is a neutral atom?
The number of electrons = number of protons
What is the consequence of changing the number of protons?
It turns into a new element
What is the consequence of changing the number of neurons?
It is now an isotope
What is the consequence of changing the number of electrons?
It is turned into an ion
What subatomic particles are included in the atomic mass?
Protons (+) and neurons (0)
Atomic number is the number of —
Protons
What subatomic particle is involved in chemical reactions?
Electrons
How many electrons can fit in the 1st shell? 2nd? 3rd?
1st shell = 2 electrons
2nd shell - 8 electrons
3rd shell - 8 electrons
Molecules
Two or more atoms bonded together
Chemical bonds
“Energy” links formed by electrons, that produce molecules
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds
What is a covalent bond?
Two or more shared electrons
What is the difference between a Nonpolar covalent and a Polar covalent?
Nonpolar covalent = electrons shared evenly
Polar covalent = electrons not share evenly
What is an ionic bond?
Electrons are stolen or transferred to another atom
What is an electrolyte solution?
A solution with dissolved substances like ions that can conduct electricity
What 2 processes in the body require that body fluids are electrolytes?
Nerve conduction and muscle contractions
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak attraction between H+ and negative end of polar molecules
What happens when a protein molecule becomes denatured?
The hydrogen bond breaks, unfolding the protein
What are factors that can denature a hydrogen bond?
Temperature ( heat) , pH, salt
What is a solute?
A dissolved substance
What is a solvent?
A substance that does the dissolving
What are the 5 functions of water?
Lubricant, cushion, chemistry, coolant, solvent
What is the difference between Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis - removal of water
Hydrolysis- water is added
Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
Hydrophobic = “fear water” ; doesn’t like water
Hydrophilic = likes water
What is the difference between a solutions and electricity?
Solutions disolves likes ( polar/polar or Nonpolar/ Nonpolar)
Electricity attracts opposites
pH is a regulated parameter
True or false
True
What is the pH range in the body?
extracellular fluid
7.35 - 7.45
What mechanism will become activated if pH falls outside its normal range?
Negative feedback (NFL)
What is an acid?
Release H+ (proton donor)
What is a base?
Release OH- or accepts H+ (proton acceptor)
What is a buffer?
Chemical that when added to solution it resists changes in pH by releasing or binding H+
Strong vs week acid
Strong acid releases all H+
Weak acid releases some H+
What is the difference between a substrate and a reactant?
A substrate = biology - binds to an active site of an enzyme
Reactant = chemistry - enters a chemical reaction in organic chemistry
Reaction rate depends on…
What are the 4 macromolecules and their subunits?
Carbohydrates - glucose (monosaccharides)
Lipids - fatty acid+ glycerol + cholesterol
Protein - 20 amino acids
Nuclei acid - nucleotides
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What are carbohydrates function(s) in the body?
Energy (glucose ➡️ cell respiration ➡️ ATP)
Storage - ( later use ➡️ glycogen)
What is the name of storage form for carbohydrates in humans? Animals?
Humans = glycogen
Animals = starch
What are the four types of lipids?
Triglycerides, ketones, phospholipids, steroids
Triglycerides
Glycol + 3 fatty acids = stored fat
Ketones
Form during fasting, low carb diet & in uncontrolled diabetes
Phospholipid
Removes fatty acid and adds phosphate
Steroids
From cholesterol
What are the 2 macromolecules used in protein synthesis?
DNA & RNA
What is an R group?
A variable region of an amino acid
What is a peptide? Peptide bond?
Peptide = 2-3 amino acids
Peptide bond = name for covalent bond b/w animo acids
Describe the four levels of protein structure
Primary - formed by peptide bonds b/w amino acids
Secondary- formed by hydrogen bonds b/w amino acids ( folding)
Tertiary - various weak bonds b/w R groups of amino acids causing more folding
Quaternary - 2 or more polypeptides joined by covalent bonds
Specificity
Only one ligand can bind to a specific protein
Affinity
How strongly a protein will bind
Saturation
Only fraction of binding sites will be occupied at a time
Describe 3 ways of regulating protein function
- Allosteric modulation. - binds to different spot of protein rather then binding site
- Covalent modulation - phosphate added ( phosphorylation) turning protein on
- Genetic regulation - turn gene on to bind protein when needed
Ex) boys during puberty
