L2 ( Chemistry & Proteins)

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

Smallest unit of matter

Question 2

Matter

Answer 2

Anything that has mass & takes up space

Question 3

Element

Answer 3

Substance of one type of atom

Question 4

Cell

Answer 4

Smallest unit of life

Question 5

What are the three subatomic particles found in an atom?

Answer 5

Protons, neurons, electrons

Question 6

What is a neutral atom?

Answer 6

The number of electrons = number of protons

Question 7

What is the consequence of changing the number of protons?

Answer 7

It turns into a new element

Question 8

What is the consequence of changing the number of neurons?

Answer 8

It is now an isotope

Question 9

What is the consequence of changing the number of electrons?

Answer 9

It is turned into an ion

Question 10

What subatomic particles are included in the atomic mass?

Answer 10

Protons (+) and neurons (0)

Question 11

Atomic number is the number of —

Answer 11

Protons

Question 12

What subatomic particle is involved in chemical reactions?

Answer 12

Electrons

Question 13

How many electrons can fit in the 1st shell? 2nd? 3rd?

Answer 13

1st shell = 2 electrons

2nd shell - 8 electrons

3rd shell - 8 electrons

Question 14

Molecules

Answer 14

Two or more atoms bonded together

Question 15

Chemical bonds

Answer 15

“Energy” links formed by electrons, that produce molecules

Question 16

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

Answer 16

Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds

Question 17

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 17

Two or more shared electrons

Question 18

What is the difference between a Nonpolar covalent and a Polar covalent?

Answer 18

Nonpolar covalent = electrons shared evenly

Polar covalent = electrons not share evenly

Question 19

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 19

Electrons are stolen or transferred to another atom

Question 20

What is an electrolyte solution?

Answer 20

A solution with dissolved substances like ions that can conduct electricity

Question 21

What 2 processes in the body require that body fluids are electrolytes?

Answer 21

Nerve conduction and muscle contractions

Question 22

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 22

A weak attraction between H+ and negative end of polar molecules

Question 23

What happens when a protein molecule becomes denatured?

Answer 23

The hydrogen bond breaks, unfolding the protein

Question 24

What are factors that can denature a hydrogen bond?

Answer 24

Temperature ( heat) , pH, salt

Question 25

What is a solute?

Answer 25

A dissolved substance

Question 26

What is a solvent?

Answer 26

A substance that does the dissolving

Question 27

What are the 5 functions of water?

Answer 27

Lubricant, cushion, chemistry, coolant, solvent

Question 28

What is the difference between Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis?

Answer 28

Dehydration synthesis - removal of water Hydrolysis- water is added

Question 29

Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

Answer 29

Hydrophobic = “fear water” ; doesn’t like water Hydrophilic = likes water

Question 30

What is the difference between a solutions and electricity?

Answer 30

Solutions disolves likes ( polar/polar or Nonpolar/ Nonpolar) Electricity attracts opposites

Question 31

pH is a regulated parameter True or false

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What is the pH range in the body? | extracellular fluid

Answer 32

7.35 - 7.45

Question 33

What mechanism will become activated if pH falls outside its normal range?

Answer 33

Negative feedback (NFL)

Question 34

What is an acid?

Answer 34

Release H+ (proton donor)

Question 35

What is a base?

Answer 35

Release OH- or accepts H+ (proton acceptor)

Question 36

What is a buffer?

Answer 36

Chemical that when added to solution it resists changes in pH by releasing or binding H+

Question 37

Strong vs week acid

Answer 37

Strong acid releases all H+ Weak acid releases some H+

Question 38

What is the difference between a substrate and a reactant?

Answer 38

A substrate = biology - binds to an active site of an enzyme Reactant = chemistry - enters a chemical reaction in organic chemistry

Question 39

Reaction rate depends on...

Question 40

What are the 4 macromolecules and their subunits?

Answer 40

Carbohydrates - glucose (monosaccharides) Lipids - fatty acid+ glycerol + cholesterol Protein - 20 amino acids Nuclei acid - nucleotides

Question 41

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

Answer 41

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 42

What are carbohydrates function(s) in the body?

Answer 42

Energy (glucose ➡️ cell respiration ➡️ ATP) Storage - ( later use ➡️ glycogen)

Question 43

What is the name of storage form for carbohydrates in humans? Animals?

Answer 43

Humans = glycogen Animals = starch

Question 44

What are the four types of lipids?

Answer 44

Triglycerides, ketones, phospholipids, steroids

Question 45

Triglycerides

Answer 45

Glycol + 3 fatty acids = stored fat

Question 46

Ketones

Answer 46

Form during fasting, low carb diet & in uncontrolled diabetes

Question 47

Phospholipid

Answer 47

Removes fatty acid and adds phosphate

Question 48

Steroids

Answer 48

From cholesterol

Question 49

What are the 2 macromolecules used in protein synthesis?

Answer 49

DNA & RNA

Question 50

What is an R group?

Answer 50

A variable region of an amino acid

Question 51

What is a peptide? Peptide bond?

Answer 51

Peptide = 2-3 amino acids Peptide bond = name for covalent bond b/w animo acids

Question 52

Describe the four levels of protein structure

Answer 52

Primary - formed by peptide bonds b/w amino acids Secondary- formed by hydrogen bonds b/w amino acids ( folding) Tertiary - various weak bonds b/w R groups of amino acids causing more folding Quaternary - 2 or more polypeptides joined by covalent bonds

Question 53

Specificity

Answer 53

Only one ligand can bind to a specific protein

Question 54

Affinity

Answer 54

How strongly a protein will bind

Question 55

Saturation

Answer 55

Only fraction of binding sites will be occupied at a time

Question 56

Describe 3 ways of regulating protein function

Answer 56

1. Allosteric modulation. - binds to different spot of protein rather then binding site 2. Covalent modulation - phosphate added ( phosphorylation) turning protein on 3. Genetic regulation - turn gene on to bind protein when needed Ex) boys during puberty