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Physio Fall 22 > L12- Circulatory (test 3) > Flashcards

L12- Circulatory (test 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two circulatory systems and what can be found in each?

A
  1. Cardiovascular system
    - heart, blood vessels, blood
  2. Lymphatic system
    - lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, cells/tissues/organs
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2
Q

What are the functions of the vascular systems (CVS & LS)

A
  1. Transportation to/from cells
    - respiratory/ gases (CVS)
    - digestive/nutrients (CVS/LS)
    - urinary/ wastes CVS)
  2. Regulation
    - Endocrine/hormones (CVS)
    - Skin/ Temperature (CVS)
  3. Protection
    - clotting (CVS)
    _ immunity (CVS/LS)
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3
Q

What are the two circuits found within the cardiovascular system?

A

Pulmonary circuit & systemic circuit

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4
Q

From what circuit of the cardiovascular system is oxygenated blood pumped? Deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated blood = systemic circuit

Deoxygenated blood = pulmonary circuit

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5
Q

What side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs? All body tissues?

A

Lungs = right (pulmonary circuit)

Entire body = left (systemic circuit)

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6
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

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7
Q

Arteries

A

from the heart to organs

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8
Q

In the pulmonary circuit, veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? What about arteries?

A

Veins - oxygenated blood
Arteries - deoxygenated

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9
Q

In the systemic circuit do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? What about arteries?

A

Arteries = oxygenated blood
Veins = deoxygenated

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10
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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11
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart?

A
  • superior/inferior vena cava
  • pulmonary trunk
  • aorta
  • pulmonary veins
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12
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

Right AV valve - tricuspid

Left AV valve - bicuspid

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13
Q

What are the two semilunar valves (SL)

A
  • Pulmonary SL valve
  • Aortic SL valve
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14
Q

The valves in the heart are muscle tissue
TRUE or FALSE

A

False - valves are fibrous tissue

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15
Q

Valves function is to

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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16
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary muscles & chordae tendineae in the heart?

A

Prevent AV valves from prolapsing / back flow of blood

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17
Q

What is a a heart murmur?

A

Abnormal sound of the heart, due to back flow of blood

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18
Q

What creates the 1st heart sound “Lub”? What about the 2nd heart sound “Dub”

A

Lub = Atrioventricular valves (AV) valves closing

Dub = Semilunar (SL) valves closing

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19
Q

Right v.s left ventricles

A

Right
- thin wall
- weak pump = generating low pressure

Left
- thick wall
- strong pump = generating high pressure

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20
Q

What is the pressure for the left and right ventricle?

A

Left ventricle = 120/80

Right ventricle = 25/8

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21
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Hearts own blood supply

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22
Q

Function of coronary arteries

A

Deliver blood to heart muscle cells during ventricular Relaxaction (diastole)

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23
Q

What happens when a coronary arteries are blocked?

A

Causes a heart attack

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24
Q

The cardiac cycle is..

A

Repeating pattern of heart contraction and relaxation

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25
Mechanical components function of the cardiac cycle
Pump blood through pulmonary and systemic circuit
26
Electrical component function of the cardiac cycle
- stimulates muscle cell contraction - creates coordinated and rhythmic contractions of the atria and ventricles
27
Systole
Heart muscles contract (blood ejection)
28
Diastole
Heart muscle relaxation (blood filling)
29
What are the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle?
1. Isovolumetric contraction 2. Ejection 3. Isovolumetric relaxation 4. Rapid filling 5. Atrial contraction
30
Isovolumetric contraction
Atria relaxed SL valves closed Ventricles contract - ventricle pressure > atria pressure - closes AV valves (LUB)
31
Ejection
- atria relaxed - ventricles contracted - pressure in ventricles > aorta pressure - opening SL valves
32
Isovolumetric relaxation
- atria relaxed - ventricles relaxed - aorta pressure > ventricle pressure > atria pressure - closing SL valves (DUB)
33
Rapid filling
- atria emptying (gravity) - causing Atria pressure > ventricle pressure - opening AV valves Ventricles filling
34
Atrial contraction
Atria emptying (contraction) - causes atria pressure > ventricle pressure - opening AV valves Ventricle filling
35
End diastolic volume (EDV)
Volume after filling 120 ml/ventricle
36
Stroke volume (SV)
Volume of blood ejected Sv = 80ml
37
Ejection fraction (EF)
Fraction of EDV ejected (SV/EDV) 80/120 = 2/3
38
Time is systole is less then time in diastole TRUE or FALSE
True
39
What are the two cardiac muscle cells and their function?
Contractile cells = pump blood through/out of heart Pacemaker cells = initiate electrical activity that causes contractile cells to contract
40
The fibrous skeleton
Electrically separates the atria & ventricles
41
Pacemaker cell conduction pathway
1. Sinoatrial node (SA node) 2. Atrioventricular node (AV node) 3. Atrioventricular bundle - transfers electrical signal from atria ➡️ ventricle 4. R & L bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers
42
Transmission of cardiac Action potentials through the myocardium are from____________
Gap junctions
43
Electrical activity of pacemaker cells
Sa node (60-100/min) - AV node (40-60/min) - Purkinje fibers (15-40/min)
44
What is a pacemaker potential and what causes it?
Pacemaker potential = slow change in membrane potential towards threshold Cause: HCN (NA2+ channels) allowing NA+ into pacemaker cells
45
Pacemaker cells have a resting membrane potential TRUE or FALSE
False; no real resting membrane potential RMP drifts which is called a pacemaker potential
46
What allows the heart to generate its own action potentials without neural innervation?
Pacemaker cells!!!
47
In pacemaker cells what causes depolarization and repolarization?
Depolarization = voltage gated ca+ channel Repolarization = voltage gated K+ channels
48
Electrical activity (action potential) of myocardial cells mechanism
RMP = -85mv 1. opening voltage gated Na+ channels ➡️ Na+ enters ➡️ depolarization 2. Slow Ca+2 channels enters / counters small # of open K+ channels ➡️ cause delay Repolarization 3. Open voltage gated k+ channels ➡️ k+ leaves ➡️ Repolarization
49
What causes the myocardial cell to reach threshold potential?
Stimulus from pacemaker cell or nearby myocardial cell
50
What maintains depolarization in myocardial cells?
Ca2+ influx
51
Why are Long refractory periods important in myocardial cells?
- prevents summation and tetanus in the heart ➡️allowing heart to completely contract and empty before next AP
52
What are the two places of calcium being released into the myocardial cells?
1. Slow calcium channels - ca+ enters sarcoplasm during plateau phase of AP 2. Ca+ release channels in sarcoplasmic recticulum
53
Long refractory period prevents summation and tentanus in cardiac muscle TRUE or FALSE
True; it prevents ventricular tachycardia
54
EKG
Electrical activity of entire heart
55
P wave
Atrial depolarization
56
QRS wave
Ventricular depolarization + atrial Repolarization
57
T waves
Ventricular Repolarization
58
What is the difference between a AP and an EKG?
Ap - one myocardial cell EKG - all action potentials from ENTIRE HEART
59
Do the opening or closing of valves cause noise?
Closing valves make noise
60
Relationship between EKG, pressure and valves closing
Contraction cause EKG to sense electrical activity - contraction ➡️ increase pressure ➡️ blood flow ➡️ valves open/close
61
What are the 5 vessel types
1. Artery 2. Arteriole 3. Capillary 4. Venule 5. Vein
62
Portal circulation
2 capillary bends instead of one
63
Where can portal circulations be found?
1. Intestinal tract - liver 2. Hypothalamus - pituitary gland 3. B/w 2 regions of kidney nephrons
64
List the four ways that venous return is aided
- Venus valves, - skeletal muscle pump - respiratory pump - arteries pressing on veins
65
What are the 3 types of capillaries
Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid
66
Continuous capillaries
Not leaky, found in the lungs and brain
67
Fenestrated capillaries
Somewhat leaky, found in kidney,intestines
68
Sinusoid capillaries
Very leaky, found in bone marrow, the spleen and liver
69
Myocardial infraction (blocked coronary arteries)
Death to heart muscle tissue
70
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of arteries
71
Atherosclerosis
- causes arteriosclerosis Fatty plaque
72
Thrombus
A clot
73
What conditions initiate damage to endothelium causing vascular disease?
- diabetes - high blood pressure - smoking - high cholesterol - systemic inflammation
74
Angiogram
Injects dye into coronary arteries
75
What a the two ways of revascularization of blocked coronary arteries?
1. Insert stent 2/ coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) - mammary artery - saphenous artery
76
What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
1. Transport interstitial fluid leaked from the capillaries back to the blood 2. Transport absorbed fats (lipids)from small intestine to blood 3. Contain lymphocytes that fight infection
77
Interstitial fluid (ISF)
Blood filtrate formed in the capillaries
78
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
Pick up intestinal fluid leaked from blood capillaries - pick up lipids (fats) from intestinal tract b/c they are too big to pass/carry through blood vessels
79
What are the Lymphatic organs and their functions
Thymus - maturation of lymphocytes Spleen - immune surveillance of blood Lymph nodes - immune surveillance of lymph
80
What aids to lymph flow?
Smooth muscle around vessels contraction g - skeletal muscle pump

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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