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Physio Fall 22 > L12- Circulatory (test 3) > Flashcards

L12- Circulatory (test 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two circulatory systems and what can be found in each?

A
  1. Cardiovascular system
    - heart, blood vessels, blood
  2. Lymphatic system
    - lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, cells/tissues/organs
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2
Q

What are the functions of the vascular systems (CVS & LS)

A
  1. Transportation to/from cells
    - respiratory/ gases (CVS)
    - digestive/nutrients (CVS/LS)
    - urinary/ wastes CVS)
  2. Regulation
    - Endocrine/hormones (CVS)
    - Skin/ Temperature (CVS)
  3. Protection
    - clotting (CVS)
    _ immunity (CVS/LS)
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3
Q

What are the two circuits found within the cardiovascular system?

A

Pulmonary circuit & systemic circuit

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4
Q

From what circuit of the cardiovascular system is oxygenated blood pumped? Deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated blood = systemic circuit

Deoxygenated blood = pulmonary circuit

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5
Q

What side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs? All body tissues?

A

Lungs = right (pulmonary circuit)

Entire body = left (systemic circuit)

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6
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

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7
Q

Arteries

A

from the heart to organs

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8
Q

In the pulmonary circuit, veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? What about arteries?

A

Veins - oxygenated blood
Arteries - deoxygenated

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9
Q

In the systemic circuit do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? What about arteries?

A

Arteries = oxygenated blood
Veins = deoxygenated

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10
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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11
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart?

A
  • superior/inferior vena cava
  • pulmonary trunk
  • aorta
  • pulmonary veins
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12
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

Right AV valve - tricuspid

Left AV valve - bicuspid

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13
Q

What are the two semilunar valves (SL)

A
  • Pulmonary SL valve
  • Aortic SL valve
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14
Q

The valves in the heart are muscle tissue
TRUE or FALSE

A

False - valves are fibrous tissue

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15
Q

Valves function is to

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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16
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary muscles & chordae tendineae in the heart?

A

Prevent AV valves from prolapsing / back flow of blood

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17
Q

What is a a heart murmur?

A

Abnormal sound of the heart, due to back flow of blood

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18
Q

What creates the 1st heart sound “Lub”? What about the 2nd heart sound “Dub”

A

Lub = Atrioventricular valves (AV) valves closing

Dub = Semilunar (SL) valves closing

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19
Q

Right v.s left ventricles

A

Right
- thin wall
- weak pump = generating low pressure

Left
- thick wall
- strong pump = generating high pressure

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20
Q

What is the pressure for the left and right ventricle?

A

Left ventricle = 120/80

Right ventricle = 25/8

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21
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Hearts own blood supply

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22
Q

Function of coronary arteries

A

Deliver blood to heart muscle cells during ventricular Relaxaction (diastole)

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23
Q

What happens when a coronary arteries are blocked?

A

Causes a heart attack

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24
Q

The cardiac cycle is..

A

Repeating pattern of heart contraction and relaxation

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25
Q

Mechanical components function of the cardiac cycle

A

Pump blood through pulmonary and systemic circuit

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26
Q

Electrical component function of the cardiac cycle

A
  • stimulates muscle cell contraction
  • creates coordinated and rhythmic contractions of the atria and ventricles
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27
Q

Systole

A

Heart muscles contract (blood ejection)

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28
Q

Diastole

A

Heart muscle relaxation (blood filling)

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29
Q

What are the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Isovolumetric contraction
  2. Ejection
  3. Isovolumetric relaxation
  4. Rapid filling
  5. Atrial contraction
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30
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Atria relaxed
SL valves closed
Ventricles contract
- ventricle pressure > atria pressure
- closes AV valves (LUB)

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31
Q

Ejection

A
  • atria relaxed
  • ventricles contracted
  • pressure in ventricles > aorta pressure
  • opening SL valves
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32
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A
  • atria relaxed
  • ventricles relaxed
  • aorta pressure > ventricle pressure > atria pressure
  • closing SL valves (DUB)
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33
Q

Rapid filling

A
  • atria emptying (gravity)
  • causing Atria pressure > ventricle pressure
  • opening AV valves
    Ventricles filling
34
Q

Atrial contraction

A

Atria emptying (contraction)
- causes atria pressure > ventricle pressure
- opening AV valves
Ventricle filling

35
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A

Volume after filling
120 ml/ventricle

36
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood ejected
Sv = 80ml

37
Q

Ejection fraction (EF)

A

Fraction of EDV ejected (SV/EDV)

80/120 = 2/3

38
Q

Time is systole is less then time in diastole

TRUE or FALSE

A

True

39
Q

What are the two cardiac muscle cells and their function?

A

Contractile cells = pump blood through/out of heart

Pacemaker cells = initiate electrical activity that causes contractile cells to contract

40
Q

The fibrous skeleton

A

Electrically separates the atria & ventricles

41
Q

Pacemaker cell conduction pathway

A
  1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
  2. Atrioventricular node (AV node)
  3. Atrioventricular bundle - transfers electrical signal from atria ➡️ ventricle
  4. R & L bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
42
Q

Transmission of cardiac Action potentials through the myocardium are from____________

A

Gap junctions

43
Q

Electrical activity of pacemaker cells

A

Sa node (60-100/min)

  • AV node (40-60/min)
  • Purkinje fibers (15-40/min)
44
Q

What is a pacemaker potential and what causes it?

A

Pacemaker potential = slow change in membrane potential towards threshold

Cause: HCN (NA2+ channels) allowing NA+ into pacemaker cells

45
Q

Pacemaker cells have a resting membrane potential

TRUE or FALSE

A

False; no real resting membrane potential
RMP drifts which is called a pacemaker potential

46
Q

What allows the heart to generate its own action potentials without neural innervation?

A

Pacemaker cells!!!

47
Q

In pacemaker cells what causes depolarization and repolarization?

A

Depolarization = voltage gated ca+ channel

Repolarization = voltage gated K+ channels

48
Q

Electrical activity (action potential) of myocardial cells mechanism

A

RMP = -85mv

  1. opening voltage gated Na+ channels ➡️ Na+ enters ➡️ depolarization
  2. Slow Ca+2 channels enters / counters small # of open K+ channels ➡️ cause delay Repolarization
  3. Open voltage gated k+ channels ➡️ k+ leaves ➡️ Repolarization
49
Q

What causes the myocardial cell to reach threshold potential?

A

Stimulus from pacemaker cell or nearby myocardial cell

50
Q

What maintains depolarization in myocardial cells?

A

Ca2+ influx

51
Q

Why are Long refractory periods important in myocardial cells?

A
  • prevents summation and tetanus in the heart
    ➡️allowing heart to completely contract and empty before next AP
52
Q

What are the two places of calcium being released into the myocardial cells?

A
  1. Slow calcium channels
    - ca+ enters sarcoplasm during plateau phase of AP
  2. Ca+ release channels in sarcoplasmic recticulum
53
Q

Long refractory period prevents summation and tentanus in cardiac muscle

TRUE or FALSE

A

True; it prevents ventricular tachycardia

54
Q

EKG

A

Electrical activity of entire heart

55
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

56
Q

QRS wave

A

Ventricular depolarization + atrial Repolarization

57
Q

T waves

A

Ventricular Repolarization

58
Q

What is the difference between a AP and an EKG?

A

Ap - one myocardial cell

EKG - all action potentials from ENTIRE HEART

59
Q

Do the opening or closing of valves cause noise?

A

Closing valves make noise

60
Q

Relationship between EKG, pressure and valves closing

A

Contraction cause EKG to sense electrical activity
- contraction ➡️ increase pressure ➡️ blood flow ➡️ valves open/close

61
Q

What are the 5 vessel types

A
  1. Artery
  2. Arteriole
  3. Capillary
  4. Venule
  5. Vein
62
Q

Portal circulation

A

2 capillary bends instead of one

63
Q

Where can portal circulations be found?

A
  1. Intestinal tract - liver
  2. Hypothalamus - pituitary gland
  3. B/w 2 regions of kidney nephrons
64
Q

List the four ways that venous return is aided

A
  • Venus valves,
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
  • arteries pressing on veins
65
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid

66
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Not leaky, found in the lungs and brain

67
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Somewhat leaky, found in kidney,intestines

68
Q

Sinusoid capillaries

A

Very leaky, found in bone marrow, the spleen and liver

69
Q

Myocardial infraction (blocked coronary arteries)

A

Death to heart muscle tissue

70
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of arteries

71
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • causes arteriosclerosis
    Fatty plaque
72
Q

Thrombus

A

A clot

73
Q

What conditions initiate damage to endothelium causing vascular disease?

A
  • diabetes
  • high blood pressure
  • smoking
  • high cholesterol
  • systemic inflammation
74
Q

Angiogram

A

Injects dye into coronary arteries

75
Q

What a the two ways of revascularization of blocked coronary arteries?

A
  1. Insert stent
    2/ coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    - mammary artery
    - saphenous artery
76
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Transport interstitial fluid leaked from the capillaries back to the blood
  2. Transport absorbed fats (lipids)from small intestine to blood
  3. Contain lymphocytes that fight infection
77
Q

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

A

Blood filtrate formed in the capillaries

78
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?

A

Pick up intestinal fluid leaked from blood capillaries
- pick up lipids (fats) from intestinal tract b/c they are too big to pass/carry through blood vessels

79
Q

What are the Lymphatic organs and their functions

A

Thymus - maturation of lymphocytes

Spleen - immune surveillance of blood

Lymph nodes - immune surveillance of lymph

80
Q

What aids to lymph flow?

A

Smooth muscle around vessels contraction g
- skeletal muscle pump

Physio Fall 22 (24 decks)

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