Kidneys

Question 1

the kidneys are ____peritoneal

Answer 1

primarily retroperitoneal

Question 2

the ureters lead to the ____

Answer 2

urinary bladder

Question 3

the ureters are ____peritoneal

Answer 3

primarily retroperitoneal

Question 4

the bladder is located in the ____ pelvis

Answer 4

true

Question 5

the bladder is ____peritoneal

Answer 5

sub

Question 6

the suprarenal glands are ____peritoneal

Answer 6

primarily retroperitoneal

Question 7

what type of glands are the suprarenal glands?

Answer 7

endocrine

Question 8

name the 3 types of renal fat

Answer 8

pararenal
perirenal (perinephric)
periureteric

Question 9

location of pararenal fat

Answer 9

posterior/posterolateral to kidney

Question 10

location of perirenal fat

Answer 10

• completely surrounds kidney
• continues into hilum

Question 11

the renal fascia encloses…

Answer 11

kidney
suprarenal glands
surrounding perirenal fat

Question 12

describe the location of the kidneys

Answer 12

• bilaterally at level of T12-L3 (right is 5-6cm lower)
• “flank” region
• transpyloric plane (top of right; hilum of left)

Question 13

the renal hilum contains…

Answer 13

renal a + v
ureter
(entry to renal sinus)

Question 14

function of renal cortex

Answer 14

blood filtration and urine production

Question 15

function of renal medulla

Answer 15

urine transport

Question 16

the renal medulla contains…

Answer 16

renal pyramids (+ renal papilla)
renal columns

Question 17

the renal papilla are located at the…

Answer 17

apex of renal pyramid

Question 18

the major calyx receives…

Answer 18

2-3 minor calices

Question 19

renal sinus

Answer 19

• space within kidney surrounding renal pelvis & calices
• filled with perirenal fat

Question 20

renal pelvis

Answer 20

• receives 2-3 major calices
• funnel-shaped expansion leading to ureter

Question 21

the right and left renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of ____ IVD

Answer 21

L1-L2

Question 22

the right renal artery is longer and passes posterior to the ____

Answer 22

IVC

Question 23

The renal arteries divide into ____ within the kidney

Answer 23

5 segmental arteries

Question 24

the left and right renal veins drain into the ____

Answer 24

IVC

Question 25

name 3 asymmetrical structures of the kidneys

Answer 25

- renal vv - suprarenal vv - gonadal vv

Question 26

the left gonadal vein drains into the ____

Answer 26

left renal v

Question 27

the right gonadal vein drains into the ____

Answer 27

IVC

Question 28

the right suprarenal vein drains into the ____

Answer 28

IVC

Question 29

the left suprarenal vein drains into the ____

Answer 29

left renal v

Question 30

renal lymph vessels drain into the ____ and eventually into ____

Answer 30

- right and left lumbar lymph nodes - cisterna chyli

Question 31

sympathetic innervation of kidneys

Answer 31

(renal nerve plexus) - SNS fibers from least splanchnic n (T12) - synapse in aorticorenal ganglion

Question 32

parasympathetic innervation of kidneys

Answer 32

(renal nerve plexus) PSNS fibers from vagus n (CN X)

Question 33

name 3 radiologically visible constrictions of the ureters

Answer 33

- junction of ureter and renal pelvis - ureters cross brim of pelvic inlet at common iliac bifurcation - passage through wall of urinary bladder

Question 34

radiologically visible constrictions of the ureters are potential sites of ____

Answer 34

calculus obstruction (kidney stones)

Question 35

arterial supply of ureters

Answer 35

arise from renal aa, gonadal aa, abdominal aorta, common iliac aa

Question 36

veins for ureters drain into ____

Answer 36

renal vv and gonadal vv

Question 37

superior portion of ureter lymphatics drain into ____

Answer 37

lumbar lymph nodes

Question 38

middle and inferior portion of ureter lymphatics drain into ____

Answer 38

common, external, or internal iliac lymph nodes

Question 39

the ureters are innervated by the...

Answer 39

renal n plexus, abdominal aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses

Question 40

afferent fibers of ureters

Answer 40

convey pain -> T11-L2 spinal cord segments

Question 41

Ureteric pain typically refers to...

Answer 41

ipsi lower quadrant of anterior abdominal wall and groin (T11-L2 dermatomes)

Question 42

the suprarenal glands are attached to the ____

Answer 42

diaphragmatic crura

Question 43

the suprarenal glands are separated from the kidneys by ____

Answer 43

small septum

Question 44

the right suprarenal gland is ____ shaped

Answer 44

pyramid

Question 45

the left suprarenal gland is ____ shaped

Answer 45

crescent

Question 46

what exits at the hilum of the suprarenal glands?

Answer 46

veins and lymph vessels

Question 47

function of cortex of suprarenal glands

Answer 47

- secrete corticosteroids and androgens - cause kidneys to retain Na and water under stress (increase blood vol + BP) - affect mm and other organs

Question 48

the suprarenal glands are derived from ____

Answer 48

embryologic mesoderm

Question 49

the medulla of the suprarenal glands are derived from ____

Answer 49

embryologic neural crest cells

Question 50

function of medulla of suprarenal glands

Answer 50

chromaffin cells: - secrete catecholamines - fight or flight (E + NE)

Question 51

arterial supply of suprarenal glands, and origins

Answer 51

- superior suprarenal a (from inf phrenic a) - middle suprarenal a (from abdominal aorta) - inf suprarenal a (from renal a)

Question 52

innervation of suprarenal glands

Answer 52

- myelinated presynaptic SNS fibers from IML of T10-L1 - through paravertebral (sympathetic trunk) and celiac ganglia without synapsing - terminate on suprarenal medulla chromaffin cells

Question 53

the ____ renal artery is longer than the ____ renal artery

Answer 53

right left

Question 54

the ____ renal vein is longer than the ____ renal vein

Answer 54

left right

Question 55

the ____ kidney is higher than the ____ kidney

Answer 55

left right

Question 56

how many veins drain the suprarenal glands?

Answer 56

1 per side