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NYCC Gross Anatomy 3 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 parts of the pharyngeal apparatus

A
  • pharyngeal arch
  • pharyngeal groove (cleft)
  • pharyngeal pouch
  • pharyngeal membrane
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2
Q

the pharyngeal arches are composed of ____ cells

A

neural crest

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3
Q

initially, pharyngeal arches have a core of ____ covered by ____ externally and ____ internally

A
  • mesenchyme
  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
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4
Q

name the components of the pharyngeal arches

A
  • artery
  • bone (cartilaginous rod)
  • muscle
  • nerve
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5
Q

the artery component of pharyngeal arches is derived from ____

A

truncus arteriosus

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6
Q

which pharyngeal arches develop separately?

A

1, 2, 3

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7
Q

the cartilaginous portion of pharyngeal arches ____ and ____ fuse

A

4 and 6

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8
Q

pharyngeal arch ____ regresses and has no derivatives

A

5

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9
Q

what structures develop from the frontonasal prominence?

A
  • optic vesicles (eyes)
  • forehead
  • stomodeum (primordial mouth)
  • nose (frontal & lateral nasal prominence)
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10
Q

meckel’s cartilage is associated with which pharyngeal arch?

A

1st

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11
Q

the first pharyngeal arch is also called the ____

A

mandibular arch

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12
Q

the bone/cartilage component of the first pharyngeal arch is also called ____

A

meckel’s cartilage

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13
Q

what structures develop from the bone/cartilage component of the first pharyngeal arch?

A
  • maxillary prominence
  • mandibular prominence
  • dorsal end (malleus, incus, sphenomandibular lig)
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14
Q

what muscles develop from the first pharyngeal arch?

A
  • mm of mastication
  • tensor veli palatini
  • tensor tympani
  • mylohyoid
  • ant. belly of digastric
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15
Q

which nerve develops from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

CN V : trigeminal

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16
Q

the second pharyngeal arch is also called the ____

A

hyoid arch

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17
Q

the bone/cartilage component of the second pharyngeal arch is called ____

A

Reichert’s cartilage

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18
Q

what bones/cartilage develop from the second pharyngeal arch?

A
  • stapes
  • styloid process
  • stylohyoid lig
  • lesser cornu & upper part of body of hyoid
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19
Q

what muscles develop from the second pharyngeal arch?

A
  • mm of facial expression
  • stapedius
  • stylohyoid
  • post. belly of digastric
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20
Q

what nerve develops from the second pharyngeal arch?

A

CN VII: facial

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21
Q

what is a branchial cyst?

A

persistent second pharyngeal groove or cervical sinus, apparent beginning in late childhood or early adulthood

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22
Q

what is the clinical presentation of a branchial cyst?

A
  • painless swollen mass
  • slowly enlarges
  • inferior to angle of mandible and anterior to SCM
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23
Q

which pharyngeal arch does NOT develop into adult structures?

A

5

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24
Q

what bones/cartilage develop from the third pharyngeal arch?

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • hyoid bone (greater cornu & part of body)
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25
Q

what muscle develops from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

stylopharyngeus

26
Q

what nerve develops from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

CN IX: glossopharyngeal

27
Q

what structures develop from the bone/cartilage component of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

A

laryngeal cartilages (except epiglottis)

28
Q

what muscles develop from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

A

pharyngeal & laryngeal mm
(cricothyroid, levator palatini, pharyngeal constrictors)

29
Q

what nerve develops from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

A

CN X: vagus
- 4th: sup. laryngeal n
- 6th: recurrent laryngeal n

30
Q

what structures develop in the first pharyngeal pouch region?

A
  • tympanic cavity
  • mastoid antrum
  • pharyngotympanic (eustachian; auditory) tube
  • tympanic membrane
31
Q

what structures develop in the second pharyngeal pouch region?

A

tonsillar fossa & palatine tonsils

32
Q

what structures develop in the third pharyngeal pouch region?

A
  • inferior parathyroid glands
  • thymus
33
Q

what structures develop in the fourth pharyngeal pouch region?

A
  • superior parathyroid glands
  • thyroid parafollicular cells
34
Q

what structure develops in the first pharyngeal groove region?

A

external auditory meatus

35
Q

what pharyngeal grooves lie in the cervical sinus and are obliterated as the neck develops?

A

all but 1st groove
(if not, branchial cyst forms)

36
Q

median and lateral lingual swellings develop from which pharyngeal arch?

A

1st

37
Q

what tongue structure develops from the hypopharyngeal eminence?

A

rostral tongue

38
Q

the hypopharyngeal eminence is a derivative of which pharyngeal arch?

A

4th

39
Q

what nerve innervates the tongue during development?

A

CN XII: hypoglossal

40
Q

when do taste buds develop?

A

weeks 11-13

41
Q

what is the general timeline for facial development?

A

weeks 4-8 primary growth

42
Q

what occurs by week 5 of facial development?

A
  • primordial auricles (ears) begin developing
  • ears migrate up from neck region as mandible develops
43
Q

what occurs by week 6 of facial development?

A
  • maxillary & lateral nasal prominence begin fusion at nasolacrimal duct
  • oronasal membrane ruptures
44
Q

what occurs by week 12 of facial development?

A

conchae and olfactory epithelium develop

45
Q

when do air sinuses develop?

A
  • maxillary sinuses: fetal development
  • other air sinuses: after birth
46
Q

what causes a chin dimple?

A

incomplete fusion of left and right mandibular prominences

47
Q

when does development of the palate begin?

A

week 6

48
Q

what 2 portions of the palate develop by week 6?

A
  • primary palate: premaxillary part of maxillae
  • secondary palate: lateral palatine processes (palatine shelf)
49
Q

prevalence of cleft lip

A
  • 1 in 1000 births
  • M>F (60-80% boys)
50
Q

prevalence of cleft palate

A
  • 1 in 2500 births
  • F>M
51
Q

describe the development of the retina and ciliary body

A
  • optic vesicles project from forebrain
  • invaginates to form optic cups
  • develops into retina & ciliary body
52
Q

describe the development of the lens

A
  • surface ectoderm forms lens placode
  • develops into lens
53
Q

describe the development of the inner ear

A
  • surface ectoderm thickens into otic placode
  • invaginates to form otic pit
  • edges of pit fuse to form otic vesicle -> forms inner ear
54
Q

the middle ear (ossicles and auditory tube) develop from which pharyngeal arches?

A

1st & 2nd

55
Q

the external ear develops from the ___ and ___ pharyngeal arches, and the ___ pharyngeal groove

A
  • 1st & 2nd arches
  • 1st groove
56
Q

what is the first endocrine gland to develop?

A

thyroid gland

57
Q

what occurs by 24 days of thyroid gland development?

A
  • thyroid primordium on back of tongue/pharynx
  • descends to neck through thyroglossal duct
58
Q

what occurs by week 7 of thyroid gland development?

A
  • thyroid gland assumes adult shape
  • reaches final site in anterior midline of neck
  • thyroglossal duct degenerates
59
Q

what remnants of embryonical thyroid gland development may be present in adulthood?

A
  • proximal opening of thyroglossal duct persists as foramen cecum on tongue
  • persistent thyroglossal duct (round firm mass/swelling in median plane of neck inf to hyoid bone)
60
Q

A patient is born without a thymus gland and inferior parathyroid glands. Which portion of the pharyngeal apparatus is involved in this defect?

A

3rd pouch

61
Q

Treacher-Collins syndrome is characterized by malformed or absent ears, zygomatic and mandibular hypoplasia and downward slanted eyes. This condition involves which pharyngeal arch?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

62
Q

A 16-year-old female notices asymmetry in her neck when she tenses the skin of her inferior face and neck - she is lacking a platysma on one side of her neck. This asymmetry involves which pharyngeal arch?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

NYCC Gross Anatomy 3 (27 decks)

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