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MD3002 post MSA > Kidney pathology > Flashcards

Kidney pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is Potter syndrome

A

bilateral renal agenesis resulting in oligohydramnios and birth defects. This inhibits normal lung development. Almost invariably fatal.

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2
Q

what is vesicouteric reflux

A

backward flow of urine from the bladder to the kidney

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3
Q

what are the features of renal artery stenosis

A

lack of blood flow to the kidneys
this causes the kidneys to increase blood pressure
2ary hypertension cannot be controlled with medication
renal failure

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4
Q

what is familial Mediterranean fever

A

an inflammatory disorder that causes recurrent fevers and painful inflammation of your abdomen, lungs and joints.
May cause kidney damage

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5
Q

what is Alport’s Syndrome

A

a genetic disorder causing glomerulonephritis and kidney failure and hearing loss
haematuria, proteinuria and vision changes

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6
Q

what is HLA

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is a gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins which regulates the immune system

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7
Q

what are the possible causes of glomerular disease

A

idiopathic glomerulonephritis
HLA associated
auto immune e.g. SLE, amyloid, diabetes
vascular

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8
Q

what are the features of type 2 hypersensitivity glomerulonephritis

A

Anti-GBM antibodies
Complement fixation
Damage
Fibrin leakage

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9
Q

What are the features of good pastures syndrome (type 2 hypersensitivity aka cytotoxic)

A

anti basement membrane antibodies causing kidney damage and failure. Also lung problems and failure

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10
Q

what are the possible signs of kidney disease

A 
more or less urine production 
haematuria
proteinuria 
lung involvement 
pain
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11
Q

what are the features of type 3 hypersensitivity (immune complex)

A 
Immune complexes
Size determines where
deposition occurs
\+/- Complement fixation
neutrophils

SLE, farmer’s lung disease

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12
Q

what is the key feature of nephritic syndrome

A

blood loss

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13
Q

what is the key feature of nephrotic syndrome

A

protein loss

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14
Q

what are the features of nephritic syndrome

A

more serious than nephrotic
large pores in podocytes allowing escape of blood which may present as micro or macro haematuria
some protein
low urine volume

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15
Q

what are the features of nephrotic syndrome

A

protein causes frothy urine
hypoalbuminaemia
oedema

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16
Q

what are the possible causes of nephrotic syndrome

A 
SLE
Hep B & C
HIV
Diabetes mellitus
Malignancy
amyloidosis
17
Q

what are the features of minimal change GN

A

children
treat with steroids
proteinuria
nephrotic syndrome

18
Q

what are the features of Berger’s disease

A

IgA deposition resulting in inflammation

19
Q

what is proliferative glomerulonephritis

A

post strep infection causes proliferation of endothelial cells in the glomerulus and immune complexes
type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

20
Q

what is membranous glomerulonephritis

A

causes nephrotic syndrome
type 3 hypersensitivity
small immune complexes in the basement membrane
idiopathic/ infection/ hep B/ penicilin/ autoimmune- SLE

21
Q

What is mesangiocapillary GN

A

causes nephritic syndrome
immune deposits on mesangium
associated with hep C

22
Q

what is minimal change glomerulonephritis

A

causes nephrotic syndrome
affects young children
idiopathic/ measles

23
Q

what glomerulonephritides cause nephrotic syndrome

A

minimal change
membranous
focal glomerulosclerosis

24
Q

what glomerulonephritides cause nephritic syndrome

A

proliferative

mesangiocapillary

25
Q

what is Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis

A

scarring of the glomeruli
any age
causes nephrotic syndrome

26
Q

what can cause proteinuria

A

diabetes and amyloidosis

27
Q

what is tubulointerstitial disease

A

disease in the nephron or interstitium apart from the glomerulus leading to decreased renal function

eg acute tubular necrosis
ischaemia
sublethal injury
pyelonephritis

28
Q

what is type one hypersensitivity

A

immediate

29
Q

what is type two hypersensitivity

A

cytotoxic

30
Q

what is type 3 hypersensitivity

A

immune complex

31
Q

what is type 4

A

delayed cell mediated (not antibody)

32
Q

what gene is involved in wilm’s tumour

A

WT1 tumour suppressor

33
Q

what kidney problem can cause malignant hypertension

A

renal artery stenosis

34
Q

what disease is associated with hep C

A

mesangiocappilary

35
Q

what are mesangial cells

A

cells around blood vessels in the kidney

36
Q

proliferative GN

A

type 3 immune complex
proliferation of endothelial cells
nephritic

37
Q

membranous

A 
type 3 
immune complexes on the basement membrane
nephrotic 
hep c
increased cancer risk 
males > females
penicillin
38
Q

mesangiocapillary

A

type 3 immune complex
on mesangium
nephritic

39
Q

how do you treat minimal lesion

A

steriods

MD3002 post MSA (66 decks)

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