female reproductive pathology 2

Question 1

what causes congenital uterine abnormalities

Answer 1

failure of fusion of the paramesonephric duct

Question 2

what might congenital uterine abnormalities be associated with

Answer 2

subfertility and obstetric complications

Question 3

what is Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser

Syndrome (MRKH, Müllerian Agenesis)

Answer 3

uterine and vaginal agenesis

may also have renal or ovarian abnormalities

Question 4

what are the effects of oestrogen deficiency

Answer 4

thinning of vaginal skin
fragile blood vessels can lead to bleeding
vaginal dryness

treatment: topical or systemic replacement

Question 5

what is Lichen sclerosus

Answer 5

aka vulval dystrophy
white patches appear on the vulva, anus or foreskin
causes itching and scar tissue to form
‘leukoplakia’
treated with topical corticosteroids
hyperkeratosis, flattening of ridges, oedema, chronic inflammation
increased cancer risk

Question 6

what is squamous hyperplasia

Answer 6

hyperkeratosis, thickening of ridges, some neoplastic potential, chronic inflammation

Question 7

what causes genital warts

Answer 7

HPV
worse with HIV infection
treated with surgery or imiquimod
prevented with gardasil

Question 8

what is genital ulcer disease

Answer 8

herpes
type 1 and 2
responds to antiviral therapy

Question 9

what is chancre

Answer 9

a painless ulcer that develops on the genitals in venereal disease
primary syphilis

Question 10

what is secondary syphilis

Answer 10

rashes

fever headache

Question 11

what is tertiary syphilis

Answer 11

gross ulceration/ granulation

Question 12

what type of infection is chlamydia and gonorrhoea

Answer 12

ascending infection

Question 13

what STIs are systemic

Answer 13

HIV, syphilis, Hep B

Question 14

what is endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 14

abnormal thickening of the endometrium, increased risk of endometrial cancer. usually caused by excessive oestrogen

Question 15

what is the progression of endometrial adenocarcima

Answer 15

infiltrates the endometrium then myometrium

involves cervix, then ovaries, tubes or serosa then other organs

Question 16

what is a leiomyoma

Answer 16

smooth muscle tumour, benign
causes uterine enlargement
hormone dependent growth

Question 17

what is endometriosis

Answer 17

endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine body

may be asymptomatic, may cause subfertility and pain

Question 18

where might endometrial tissue be found

Answer 18

ovary
pouch of douglas 
peritoneal surfaces, including the uterus 
cervix, vulva, vagina
bladder, bowel
lungs

Question 19

what types of ovarian neoplasms are there

Answer 19

epithelial, germ cells, sex cord, stromal,

Question 20

what is stage two ovarian cancer

Answer 20

spread to the fallopian tubes or uterus

Question 21

what is a stage 3 ovarian cancer

Answer 21

spread to the bowel

Question 22

what is stage 4 ovarian cancer

Answer 22

spread to the liver

Question 23

what is a dysgerminoma

Answer 23

undifferentiated tumour found in young women

malignant

Question 24

what is a teratoma

Answer 24

elements from all three germ cell layers

mature cystic are common

Question 25

what is the most common teratoma

Answer 25

monodermal 
struma ovarii (thyroid tissue)

Question 26

what is gestational trophoblastic disease

Answer 26

abnormal growth of the trophoblast

Question 27

what is Hydatidiform mole

Answer 27

aka molar pregnancy
usually non cancerous
villi become swollen with fluid and look like bunches of grapes
occurs when sperm fertilise an empty egg or 2 sperm fertilise a normal egg
may invade the muscle layer

Question 28

what is a Choriocarcinoma

Answer 28

malignant form of GTD, usually starts off as a molar pregnancy

Question 29

what karyotype produces a partial hyaditform mole

Answer 29

triploid - 69XXY
2 sperm one egg
some fetal parts

Question 30

what karyotype forms a complete hyadiform mole

Answer 30

diploid - 2 sperm, empty egg

no fetal parts