female reproductive pathology 2 Flashcards
what causes congenital uterine abnormalities
failure of fusion of the paramesonephric duct
what might congenital uterine abnormalities be associated with
subfertility and obstetric complications
what is Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser
Syndrome (MRKH, Müllerian Agenesis)
uterine and vaginal agenesis
may also have renal or ovarian abnormalities
what are the effects of oestrogen deficiency
thinning of vaginal skin
fragile blood vessels can lead to bleeding
vaginal dryness
treatment: topical or systemic replacement
what is Lichen sclerosus
aka vulval dystrophy
white patches appear on the vulva, anus or foreskin
causes itching and scar tissue to form
‘leukoplakia’
treated with topical corticosteroids
hyperkeratosis, flattening of ridges, oedema, chronic inflammation
increased cancer risk
what is squamous hyperplasia
hyperkeratosis, thickening of ridges, some neoplastic potential, chronic inflammation
what causes genital warts
HPV
worse with HIV infection
treated with surgery or imiquimod
prevented with gardasil
what is genital ulcer disease
herpes
type 1 and 2
responds to antiviral therapy
what is chancre
a painless ulcer that develops on the genitals in venereal disease
primary syphilis
what is secondary syphilis
rashes
fever headache
what is tertiary syphilis
gross ulceration/ granulation
what type of infection is chlamydia and gonorrhoea
ascending infection
what STIs are systemic
HIV, syphilis, Hep B
what is endometrial hyperplasia
abnormal thickening of the endometrium, increased risk of endometrial cancer. usually caused by excessive oestrogen
what is the progression of endometrial adenocarcima
infiltrates the endometrium then myometrium
involves cervix, then ovaries, tubes or serosa then other organs
what is a leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumour, benign
causes uterine enlargement
hormone dependent growth
what is endometriosis
endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine body
may be asymptomatic, may cause subfertility and pain
where might endometrial tissue be found
ovary pouch of douglas peritoneal surfaces, including the uterus cervix, vulva, vagina bladder, bowel lungs
what types of ovarian neoplasms are there
epithelial, germ cells, sex cord, stromal,
what is stage two ovarian cancer
spread to the fallopian tubes or uterus
what is a stage 3 ovarian cancer
spread to the bowel
what is stage 4 ovarian cancer
spread to the liver
what is a dysgerminoma
undifferentiated tumour found in young women
malignant
what is a teratoma
elements from all three germ cell layers
mature cystic are common
what is the most common teratoma
monodermal struma ovarii (thyroid tissue)
what is gestational trophoblastic disease
abnormal growth of the trophoblast
what is Hydatidiform mole
aka molar pregnancy
usually non cancerous
villi become swollen with fluid and look like bunches of grapes
occurs when sperm fertilise an empty egg or 2 sperm fertilise a normal egg
may invade the muscle layer
what is a Choriocarcinoma
malignant form of GTD, usually starts off as a molar pregnancy
what karyotype produces a partial hyaditform mole
triploid - 69XXY
2 sperm one egg
some fetal parts
what karyotype forms a complete hyadiform mole
diploid - 2 sperm, empty egg
no fetal parts
