Kidney and bladder pathology Flashcards
what are the symptoms of urinary calculi
pain, nausea, vomiting haematuria secondary infection flank pain radiating to the groin dysuria pus in urine
what are the risk factors for kidney stones
overweight dehydration poor diet metabolic disease e.g. hyperparathyroidism hypercalcaemia gout obstruction genetic
what is hydronephrosis
kidneys become stretched due to a build up of urine in them
what is post renal kidney failure
due to obstruction
what might kidney stones be made of
calcium- oxalate or phosphate
uric acid
infection - proteus
cu
what is the most common bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
what is the most common renal cancer
clear cell carcinoma
what is Wilms’ tumour
usually occurs in children
renal nephroblastoma which is comprised of metanephric blastema
WT1 tumour supressor gene
good prognosis
What are the features of renal cell carcinoma
originates in PCT
mostly sporadic
smoking and obesity related
genetic component
what are the causes of renal cell carcinoma
smoking and obesity
chronic cystic disease
metastasises to the lungs
what are the most common features of bladder cancer
posterior and lateral wall
papillary
what is acute prerenal renal failure
something that decreases blood flow to the kidney eg shock, trauma
what are the causes of acute intrarenal failure
glomerulonephritides toxic drugs malignant hypertension vasculitis analgesics
what signs are present in renal failure
high potassium and creatinine
what is the causes of chronic prerenal failure
atherosclerosis
what are the causes of chronic renal renal failure
Some glomerulo-nephritides, diabetes, hypertension, polycysticKD, obstruction
what is glomerulonephritides
glomerular injury with an immunological component
what are the signs of chronic renal failure
- Potassium high
- Creatinine high
- May be oliguria
- Hypertension
- Anaemia
- Small kidneys
what is uropathy
obstruction of urine flow
what are the causes of obstructive uropathy
stricture staghorn calculus carcinoma of pelvis or ureter blood clot renal stone fibrosis pregnancy cervical cancer endometriosis bladder cancer BPH urethral stricture neuro damage
what does bilateral hydronephrosis indicate
post renal failure
what are the stigmata of renal failure
CNS disturbance uraemic pericarditis PVD heart failure nocturia polyuria odema osteodystrophy GI distrubance skin problems epistaxix anaemia
what is osteomalacia
softening of the bones due to vitamin D or calcium deficiency
what is osteoporosis
brittle or fragile bones due to hormone changes or vitamin D/ calcium deficiency
