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MD3002 post MSA > Kidney and bladder pathology > Flashcards

Kidney and bladder pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the symptoms of urinary calculi

A 
pain, nausea, vomiting
haematuria
secondary infection
flank pain radiating to the groin 
dysuria
pus in urine
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2
Q

what are the risk factors for kidney stones

A 
overweight
dehydration 
poor diet 
metabolic disease e.g. hyperparathyroidism 
hypercalcaemia
gout 
obstruction 
genetic
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3
Q

what is hydronephrosis

A

kidneys become stretched due to a build up of urine in them

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4
Q

what is post renal kidney failure

A

due to obstruction

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5
Q

what might kidney stones be made of

A

calcium- oxalate or phosphate
uric acid
infection - proteus
cu

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6
Q

what is the most common bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma

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7
Q

what is the most common renal cancer

A

clear cell carcinoma

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8
Q

what is Wilms’ tumour

A

usually occurs in children
renal nephroblastoma which is comprised of metanephric blastema
WT1 tumour supressor gene
good prognosis

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9
Q

What are the features of renal cell carcinoma

A

originates in PCT
mostly sporadic
smoking and obesity related
genetic component

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10
Q

what are the causes of renal cell carcinoma

A

smoking and obesity
chronic cystic disease
metastasises to the lungs

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11
Q

what are the most common features of bladder cancer

A

posterior and lateral wall

papillary

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12
Q

what is acute prerenal renal failure

A

something that decreases blood flow to the kidney eg shock, trauma

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13
Q

what are the causes of acute intrarenal failure

A 
glomerulonephritides
toxic drugs
malignant hypertension 
vasculitis
analgesics
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14
Q

what signs are present in renal failure

A

high potassium and creatinine

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15
Q

what is the causes of chronic prerenal failure

A

atherosclerosis

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16
Q

what are the causes of chronic renal renal failure

A

Some glomerulo-nephritides, diabetes, hypertension, polycysticKD, obstruction

17
Q

what is glomerulonephritides

A

glomerular injury with an immunological component

18
Q

what are the signs of chronic renal failure

A
  • Potassium high
  • Creatinine high
  • May be oliguria
  • Hypertension
  • Anaemia
  • Small kidneys
19
Q

what is uropathy

A

obstruction of urine flow

20
Q

what are the causes of obstructive uropathy

A 
stricture
staghorn calculus
carcinoma of pelvis or ureter
blood clot
renal stone 
fibrosis 
pregnancy
cervical cancer
endometriosis
bladder cancer
BPH
urethral stricture 
neuro damage
21
Q

what does bilateral hydronephrosis indicate

A

post renal failure

22
Q

what are the stigmata of renal failure

A 
CNS disturbance
uraemic pericarditis 
PVD
heart failure 
nocturia
polyuria
odema 
osteodystrophy
GI distrubance
skin problems 
epistaxix 
anaemia
23
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

softening of the bones due to vitamin D or calcium deficiency

24
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

brittle or fragile bones due to hormone changes or vitamin D/ calcium deficiency

25
Q

what is osteopaenia

A

reduced mineral content of bone but not to the extent of osteoporosis

26
Q

what can cause hypercalcaemia

A

hyperPTHism

27
Q

what can increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma

A

smoking
obesity
chronic cystic disease

28
Q

how might renal cell carcinoma progress

A

grows along the renal vein to IVC

metastasises to the lungs- cannonball lesions

29
Q

what is renal osteodystrophy

A

kidneys fail to maintain proper levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood

30
Q

when might you find small kidneys and anaemia

A

chronic renal failure

31
Q

what is the post renal cause of kidney failure

A

obstruction

32
Q

what are the prerenal causes of renal failure

A

acute- shock/ trauma

chronic- atherosclerosis

33
Q

what are the possible effects of kidney failure

A 
anaemia 
immunosuppression 
bone disease
neuropathy 
neoplasia
34
Q

what complications can arise from transplantation

A 
infection 
skin cancer- HPV
lymphoma
rejection 
vascular rejection 
chronic rejection

MD3002 post MSA (66 decks)

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