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Year 3 > Intro to opthamology > Flashcards

Intro to opthamology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 refracting surfaces in the eye

A

The cornea and the lens

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2
Q

Where in the eye does light focus?

A

The macula

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3
Q

Where in the eye is the macula found?

A

The center of the retina

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4
Q

What is the medical term for short sightedness?

A

Myopia

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5
Q

What is the medical term for long sightedness?

A

Hypermetropia

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6
Q

What happens to the length of the eyeball in myopia?

A

The eyeball is long

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7
Q

What happens to the length of the eyeball in hypermetropia?

A

The eyeball is short

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8
Q

Where does the image focus in myopia?

A

In front of the retina

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9
Q

Where does the image focus in hypermetropia?

A

Behind the retina

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10
Q

What leads to double vision?

A

Misalignment of the visual axis

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11
Q

What happens if there is inflammation in the orbit?

A

The eyes bulge out

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12
Q

What does the orbit of the eye contain?

A

The eyeball, muscles, vasculature, nerves, lacrimal gland, drainage system

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13
Q

What is the medical term for bulging of the eye?

A

Proptosis/ exophthalmos

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14
Q

What does fracture of the orbit cause?

A

Enopthalmos

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15
Q

Why may there be restricted eye movements in a fracture of the orbit?

A

A muscle may get trapped

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16
Q

What is colobomas?

A

Disruption of the fusion process which forms the eyeball

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17
Q

When during embryo development does the optic vesicle develop?

A

Week 4

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18
Q

What years of a child’s life are most crucial for visual development?

A

The first 7 years

19
Q

After what age can a lazy eye not be remedied?

A

After 7 years of age

20
Q

What is the legal definition of blindness?

A

So blind that they cannot do any work for which eyesight is essential

21
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness?

A

Cataracts (age related) and wrong glasses

22
Q

What is trachoma?

A

When due to inflammation the eyelid and eyelashes are pushed backwards, this causes eyelashes to abrade the eye leading to conjunctival scarring

23
Q

In the UK which demographics are more likely to be blind?

A

Women and those from minority ethnic backgrounds

24
Q

How does age related macular degeneration cause poor vision?

A

There are changes to the retina which causes scarring and affects vision

25
Q

What are the 2 types of age related macular degeneration ?

A

Dry and wet

26
Q

What is the difference between the 2 types of age related macular degeneration?

A

Wet is accelerated visual loss

27
Q

How may wet age related macular degeneration present?

A

Sudden visual loss, distortion, blood at macula

28
Q

How is age related macular degeneration treated?

A

Anti-VEGF injections

29
Q

How is age related macular degeneration prevented?

A

Avoiding smoking, having good nutrition and cardiovascular health

30
Q

What type of complication is diabetic retinopathy?

A

Microvascular

31
Q

How is diabetic retinopathy treated?

A

Intravitreal injections

32
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Progressive optic neuropathy characterised by optic disc changes and following visual field defects

33
Q

What happens to intra ocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma?

A

It might be raised but it is possible it will stay normal

34
Q

What structure does glaucoma affect and how does it progress?

A

It affects the optic nerve by progressively eroding it from the center outwards, it is irreversible

35
Q

How is glaucoma treated?

A

Eyedrops to lower IOP

36
Q

What is cataract?

A

Clouding of the lens

37
Q

How is cataract treated?

A

Extraction in surgery and replacement with intra ocular lens implant

38
Q

What is the pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease?

A

Cross reactivity of antibodies targeting antigens in the thyroid and the orbit (IGF1-R and TSHR)

39
Q

What are the 2 main life and death situations in opthamology?

A

Aneurysm (causing non pupil sparing 3rd nerve palsy) and temporal arteritis

40
Q

How will aneurysm causing non pupil sparing 3rd nerve palsy present?

A

Headache, droopy eyelid, when eyelid is lifted eye is down and out, pupils are fixed and dilated

41
Q

How does aneurysm causing non pupil sparing 3rd nerve palsy arise?

A

The oculomotor nerves runs along the posterior communicating artery, the aneurysm compresses the nerve

42
Q

How will temporal arteritis present?

A

Acute loss of left vision, loss of appetite, headaches, sore scalp, pain on chewing food

43
Q

What are the conditions for diagnosis of temporal arteritis?

A

Age of onset is over 50 years
Headache must be new, ESR over 50 mm/h
Abnormalities in temporal arteries and positive biopsy of artery

Year 3 (104 decks)

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