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Year 3 > Cancer conditions > Flashcards

Cancer conditions Flashcards

1
Q

When is it appropriate to refer someone for an upper GI endoscopy in relation to suspicions of gastric/oesophageal cancer?

A

When someone has dysphagia

When someone is over 55 and has new onset dysphagia with weight loss and abdo pain/ reflux/ dyspepsia

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2
Q

What symptoms will someone with oesophageal cancer present with?

A 
Weight loss
Dysphagia
Odonyphagia 
Hoarsening of the voice 
Post prandial cough
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3
Q

Who is most likely to get oesophageal cancer?

A

Males

People who live in the Western world

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4
Q

What are some causes of oesophageal cancer?

A 
Barret's oesophagus 
GORD
Smoking
Alcohol 
Family history 
Previous history of GI cancer
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5
Q

What investigations should you do if you suspect someone has oesophageal cancer?

A

Urgent upper GI endoscopy
Upper GI ultrasound to stage it
Whole body CT if radical treatment is needed

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6
Q

How is oesophageal cancer managed

A

Radiochemotherapy if not metastasised/earlier stage
Surgical resection
Expansive stent for immediate relief from dysphagia

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7
Q

What are the types of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

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8
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Cancer of the lymphatic system

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9
Q

What are the types of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s

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10
Q

How do Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma differ?

A

They affect different types of lymphocytes

In Hodgkin’s lymphoma Reed- Stenberg cells are present

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11
Q

What type of cell is found in Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Reed- Stenberg cells

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12
Q

What symptoms will someone with lymphoma classically present with?

A 
Fever
Malaise
Weight loss
Lymphadenopathy
Fatigue 
Night sweats
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13
Q

Who is more at risk of lymphoma?

A

Those who smoke

Those who drink

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14
Q

What investigations would you order if you suspect someone has lymphoma? What would you expect to see

A

FBC: WBC may be low or high, platelets may be low
Biopsy- excision or central
PET CT
CXR

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15
Q

How is lymphoma managed?

A

Rituximab with chemotherapy if advanced/ metastasised
Radical radiotherapy if local or early stage
CNS prophylaxis may be offered
Stem cell transplant may be offered

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16
Q

What treatment is given for advanced lymphoma?

A

Rituximab in combination with chemotherapy

17
Q

What is the most common type of gastric cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

18
Q

What symptoms will someone with gastric cancer present with classically?

A

Weight loss
Dysphagia
Abdominal pain
Lymphadenopathy

19
Q

Who is more likely to get gastric cancer?

A

Men
50-70 years
Smokers
Those with family hx

20
Q

What are some causes of gastric cancer?

A

Pernicious anaemia
H pylori
Diet low in fibre/ fruits and veg

21
Q

When should you do an urgent 2 week referral for someone if you suspect gastric cancer?

A

If you find an abdominal mass that you suspect may be cancer
If someone has dysphagia
If someone is over 55 and has new onset dysphagia with weight loss, reflux or abdo pain

22
Q

What investigations should be done if you suspect someone has gastric cancer?

A

Upper GI endoscopy
Upper GI ultrasound for staging
CT abdomen and pelvis for staging
Bloods- FBC look for anaemia, LFTs incase their are mets, inflammatory markers, cancer markers

23
Q

How is gastric cancer managed

A

If early stage/not suitable for surgery= chemoradiation
Surgical resection with peri op chemo and post op chemoradiation
Palliative chemoradiation and gastrectomy if best

24
Q

What are some complications of gastric cancer?

A

Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric bleeding
Malnutrition

25
Q

What are the 2 things that need to be done once a cancer is diagnosed?

A

It needs to be graded and staged

26
Q

What is the grade of a cancer?

A

How histologically different it is to the normal cells it originated from

27
Q

What is the stage of a cancer?

A

How far the cancer has spread anatomically

28
Q

What is the general prognosis for oesophageal cancer?

A

Quite poor
Usually patients present with late stage disease with lymph node involvement and mortality is high- many of them are not even fit for surgery

29
Q

When should you do a 2 week referral for suspected breast cancer

A

When someone over the age of 30 presents with a breast lump (that is pain or not painful)

When someone over the age of 50 presents with a breast lump and discharge/retraction or other concerning changes in one nipple only

When someone presents with skin changes that suggest breast cancer

When someone over 30 presents with an unexplained lump in the axilla

30
Q

When is mammography offered in the NHS and how often?

A

To all women over the age of 50 every 3 years

Year 3 (104 decks)

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