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Fundamentals 1 > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

allergy

A

overreaction to harmless materials

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2
Q

autoimmune

A

attacking healthy “self” cells

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3
Q

Link between innate and adaptive systems

A

dendritic cells (innate) can phagocytosize a microbe and then present an antigen to the adaptive system

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4
Q

When does adaptive immunity kick in?

A

takes a couple of days

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5
Q

Location of innate immune system

A

periphery tissue

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6
Q

Location of adaptive immune system

A

lymph nodes + spleen

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7
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic, macrophages and B-cells

normal tissue can present antigens as well

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8
Q

Humoral immunity

A

part of adaptive immunity

acts on extracellular pathogens

vaccines use memory of humoral immunity

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9
Q

What should you associate with humoral immunity?

A

B-cells and antibodies

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10
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T-cells

acts on intracellular pathogens

new exposure to virus

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11
Q

What are intracellular pathogens?

A

TB and listeria

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12
Q

Helper T-cells

A

involved in activating macrophages, killer T-cells

active B-cells (this is a biggy)

release cyotkines

increase inflamattion

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13
Q

How are B-cells activated?

A

activated by helper T-cells

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14
Q

What is an activated B-cell called?

A

plasma cell

now, cell can secrete antibodies

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15
Q

B-cells function

A

antigen presenting or antibody producing

can recruit phagocytes or complement system

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16
Q

Regulatory T-cells

A

help avoid damage of healthy cells

prevent overactivation of immune system

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17
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells

A

attack cells that express microbial antigens

(pathogens have already been phagocytized and now antigens are presented)

18
Q

When does immune system kick in?

A

after a pathogen has already entered a tissue

19
Q

what is first immune cell to work in innate immunity? why?

A

macrophages

since they can live in tissues for long periods of time

20
Q

Where are neutrophils?

A

they normally circulate in the blood for a couple days

they need to be recruited to site of infection

21
Q

PAMPs vs. DAMPS

A

pamps are pathogen associated patterns

damps are “danger” or “self” associated patterns

22
Q

What recognizes PAMPs?

A

pattern recognition receptors

23
Q

examples of PRRs

A

TLR-4 and mannose receptors

24
Q

What does TLR-4 bind?

A

LPS on gram neg. bacteria

25
Q

Where are PRRs located?

A

membrane, endosome or free-floating in cytoplasm

26
Q

what are 2 things triggering PRRs can do?

A

activated NF-kB or produce interferons

2 distinct pathways

27
Q

NF-kB

A

causes inflammation

28
Q

interferons

A

antiviral state

29
Q

4 main effects of activated PRRs

A

phagocytosis

recruit more cells through chemokines

trigger inflammation through cytokines

release O2 / nitrogen which is directly toxic

30
Q

Cytokines

A

trigger inflammation

31
Q

What is one specific thing cytokines trigger?

A

increased vascular permeability to allow leukocytes to enter tissues

32
Q

What cell is responsible for chemokine and cytokine secretion?

A

macrophages

33
Q

chemokine

A

recruits more cells

34
Q

What cell is responsible for generating reactive oxygen species?

A

neutrophils

35
Q

what cell is responsible for generating reactive nitrogen species?

A

macrophages

36
Q

what attracts neutrophils to infected tissue?

A

cytokines

37
Q

what do endothelium cells produce to slow leukocytes down?

A

adhesion molecules

selectin + integrin

38
Q

3 stages of attracting leukocytes

A

rolling
adhesion
extravasation (out of blood)

39
Q

What are the 3 main cytokines?

A

IL - 1
IL - 6
INF- alpha

40
Q

What does fever do?

A

slows rate of viral and bacteria DNA replication

41
Q

What are MHC receptors?

A

they are present on all cells

if they aren’t present, the immune system knows to attack

Fundamentals 1 (29 decks)

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