Histology Review

Question 1

How does collagen stain?

Answer 1

pink / eosinophilic

Question 2

Irregular vs. regular connective tissue

Answer 2

Regular is much more uniformly arranged (you can easily tell difference)

Question 3

Serous vs. mucinous acini

Answer 3

Serous stain much darker and more eosinophilic

Mucinous are light as their myoepithelial layer is smushed

Question 4

What do all acini contain?

Answer 4

2 layers (luminal + myoepithelial)

can be harder to see layers with mucinous

Question 5

Exocrine vs. endocrine glands

Answer 5

exocrine glands secrete into duct

endocrine glands secrete directly into blood vessels

Question 6

Where are venous sinuses found? What are they?

Answer 6

in the red pulp of the spleen

barrel-shaped, dilated vascular spaces whose endothelial cells are separated by slits that filter RBCs

Question 7

What is the pathway of blood flow through the spleen?

Answer 7

Splenic artery
Central artery
White pulp
Red pulp
Venous sinuses
Splenic vein

Question 8

White pulp of spleen

Answer 8

looks like a germinal center

Question 9

Red pulp of spleen

Answer 9

surrounds the germinal centers

Question 10

What are branches of central artery that runs through spleen?

Answer 10

trabeculae

Question 11

What is the muscularis externa in the gut?

Answer 11

smooth muscle

(not skeletal muscle)

Question 12

Where are blood vessels found in the digestive tract?

Answer 12

in the submucosa

Question 13

Where is adventita found? Specific structure

Answer 13

duodenum

*other portions of gut normally have serosa

Question 14

Transitional epithelia

Answer 14

found in bladder

looks like stratified

umbrella cells at top can help you differentiate

Question 15

What type of cells line blood vessels?

Answer 15

simple squamous

Question 16

What type of cells line ducts?

Answer 16

simple cuboidal cells

Question 17

Features of DCIS

Answer 17

luminal necrosis with no invasion through basement membrane

Question 18

How can you tell the conducting passageway vs. respiratory passageway ?

Answer 18

conducting pathways are thicker (pseudostratified)

respiratory pathways are more single file

Question 19

List the junctions as you move down cell

Answer 19

tight junction

adherens junction

desmosome

Question 20

How can you tell a desmosome

Answer 20

normally at bottom of junction

thicker and has spider like projections

Question 21

Intralobular stroma

Answer 21

surrounds the acini

Question 22

Interlobular stroma

Answer 22

makes up most of breast

Question 23

Where is adipose, lympathics and vessels of breast found?

Answer 23

in the interlobular stroma

Question 24

Brunner’s glands (location + function)

Answer 24

only found in duodenum

gland in submucosa

secrete alkaline bicarb to neutralize stomach acid

Question 25

Peyer's patches

Answer 25

large, submucosal lymph nodes found in the ileum of small intestine very hard to see secrete lymphocytes closely associated with M cells on epithelium

Question 26

What are distinguishing features of the small intestine?

Answer 26

villi finger-like projections LARGE

Question 27

What cell type makes up the villi?

Answer 27

simple columnar with microvilli brush border lamina propria is inside the villi

Question 28

Where are most (not all) Goblet cells found?

Answer 28

in the large intestine

Question 29

How can you distinguish small from large intestine?

Answer 29

small intestine has large projections large intestine may have some crypts, but not fingers (also has more goblet cells)

Question 30

metaplasia

Answer 30

change in differentiate cell type

Question 31

Where is metaplasia often seen?

Answer 31

in Barret's esophagous when simple columnar cells replace the normal simple stratified

Question 32

Mast cells (location, function + appearance)

Answer 32

found in loose connective tissues secrete histamines very stipled with very basophilic nucleus

Question 33

What makes up the submucosa ?

Answer 33

loose connective tissue

Question 34

What are 2 routes for lymphocytes to access lymph nodes?

Answer 34

Afferent lymphatic vessels (within lymph) HEVs (from the blood)

Question 35

Where are HEVs found?

Answer 35

lymph nodes of tonsils

Question 36

Macrophages in the lungs

Answer 36

referred to as dust cells are often in the air space

Question 37

Elastic fibers

Answer 37

important in the respiratory tract provide recoil after each expansion of the alveoli from inhaled air to allow PASSIVE exhalation

Question 38

What type of cells make up respiratory portion of lung?

Answer 38

pneumocytes (type I and type II)

Question 39

pneumocyte type II

Answer 39

only one you can see on stain secretes surfactant

Question 40

Breakdown of pancreatic cell function

Answer 40

90% of function is exocrine (secretes alkaline bicarbonate sodium into duodenum) other function is endocrine (insulin + glucagon)

Question 41

What distinguishes the pancreas from the parotid gland?

Answer 41

Pancreas has islets of Langhorn

Question 42

What do lymphocytes look like on stain?

Answer 42

small, basically a black dot

Question 43

Distinguishing feature of macrophages on stain

Answer 43

large kidney shaped nucleus

Question 44

Distinguishing feature of neutrophils on stain

Answer 44

multi-lobed nuclei with pale pink cytoplasm

Question 45

Distinguishing feature of eosinophils in cytoplasm

Answer 45

stain pink bilobed nucleus

Question 46

Distinguishing features of basophils

Answer 46

not often that you see them on smears when you do, it looks like many blue stipples

Question 47

What type of tissue / collagen is common in dermis of skin?

Answer 47

dense irregular connective tissue type I collagen

Question 48

What stains better brown or white adipose?

Answer 48

brown due to the eosinophilic mitochondria

Question 49

Where do macrophages migrate to?

Answer 49

connective tissue

Question 50

pleomorphic nuclei

Answer 50

sign of cancer different size nuclei

Question 51

Where is type 1 collagen?

Answer 51

strong places tendons, bones and dermis of skin

Question 52

Where is type II collagen?

Answer 52

cartilage

Question 53

Where is type III collagen?

Answer 53

lymphoid organsq

Question 54

Where is type IV collagen?

Answer 54

basement membrane *can form sheets

Question 55

Where is colloid stored?

Answer 55

in the follicle of thyroid

Question 56

What does a healthy thyroid gland tissue look like?

Answer 56

good spacing of vessels roughly equal sized follicles

Question 57

Nodular goiter features

Answer 57

extreme variation in follicle size band of connective tissue is too dense hemorrhage of RBCs

Question 58

Grave's disease features

Answer 58

scalloped follicles with white border hyperplasia also seen (do not focus on)

Question 59

Hashimoto's disease features

Answer 59

high density of cells with geminal center (lymphoid tissue) Hurthle cells

Question 60

Hurthle cell

Answer 60

seen in Hashimotos dark cell

Question 61

Thyroid papillary carcinoma features

Answer 61

can see trails (papillary like extensions of cancer) orphan annie cells (bright nucleus) can also see calcification (dark cells)

Question 62

Parathyroid gland cell types (2)

Answer 62

chief cells and oxyphil cells

Question 63

Chief cells

Answer 63

make parathyroid hormone and regulate Ca2+

Question 64

Chief cells vs. oxyphil cells on stain

Answer 64

oxyphil are more eosinophilic chief cells are more dense and whiter

Question 65

oncocytic change

Answer 65

oxyphils can overtake the chief cells