Bacteria Fundamentals

Question 1

Lipopolysaccharides are found on what type of bacteria?

Answer 1

gram negative

Question 2

What type of bacteria are spores associated with?

Answer 2

gram positive

Question 3

Where are lipoteichoic acids found?

Answer 3

in gram positive cell walls, generally

Question 4

What drives immune response to gram positive bacteria?

Answer 4

lipoteichoic acids

Question 5

What drives immune response to gram negative bacteria?

Answer 5

lipopolysaccharide

Question 6

What are most cocci?

Answer 6

gram positive

Question 7

What are most rods?

Answer 7

gram negative

Question 8

What is an exception to rods being gram negative?

Answer 8

clostridium is a gram positive rod

Question 9

Endotoxin

Answer 9

LPS

LTA

LOS

Question 10

Exotoxin

Answer 10

some are super antigens which causes widespread T-cell response

Question 11

Is a capsule a virulence factor?

Answer 11

yes, because it can increase a bacteria’s potency

Question 13

Where is outer membrane found?

Answer 13

gram negative cells

Question 14

Lipid A

Answer 14

unique to gram negative bacteria

Lipid A is endotoxin

Question 15

Give example of 2 obligate intracellular cells

Answer 15

Chlamydiae and rickettsiae

Question 16

How do bacteria divide?

Answer 16

binary fission

Question 17

When is the optimal time to use antibiotics?

Answer 17

during the log phase

Question 18

What is an essential nutrient for growth?

Answer 18

iron

Question 19

Microaerophiles

Answer 19

aerobes requiring O2 but at lower concentrations

Question 20

What type of environment must anaerobes live in?

Answer 20

low redox enviornment

O2 raises the redox potential which is too much for them

Question 21

What medical conditions can lower the redox potential naturally, causing increased suspectibility for anaerobe infection?

Answer 21

circulatory problems

tight casts

antibiotic therapy

bite wounds

and more

Question 22

Skin normal anaerobe

Answer 22

propionbacterium

Question 23

Mouth normal anaerobe

Answer 23

P. gingivalis

Question 24

Vagina normal anaerobe

Answer 24

lactobacilus

Question 25

Colon normal anaerobe

Answer 25

bacteroides fragilis

Question 26

Sporeforing rods that are gram-positive

Answer 26

Clostridium

Question 27

Non-sporeforming gram-positive rods

Answer 27

Actinomyces

Question 28

Non-sporeforming gram-negative rods

Answer 28

bacteroides

fusobacterium

Question 28

Clostridial

Answer 28

exotoxin mediated

Question 29

Noncloistridial

Answer 29

non-exotoxin mediated

Question 30

What is abscess formation normally?

Answer 30

nonclostridial anaerobic infection

gram-negative

Question 31

Microbiome

Answer 31

a community of microorganisms and the environment they occupy

Question 32

Microbiota

Answer 32

a community of organisms that occupy a specific habitat

Question 33

Metagenome

Answer 33

the collective genomes of a microbial community in a given community

Question 34

Metatranscriptome

Answer 34

a snapshot of the gene expression in a given sample at a given moment and under specific conditions

Question 35

Prebiotic

Answer 35

food compounds meant to stimulate groups of bacteria

polysaccharides

Question 36

Probiotic

Answer 36

live microorganisms meant to supplement

Question 37

Synbiotic

Answer 37

a mix of pre and pro biotics

Question 38

FMT

Answer 38

fecal microbiota transplantation

was successful in treating C. Diff

Question 39

Intra-individual variations

Answer 39

our own microbiota undergoes continous variations

Question 40

Where is most of human microbiota?

Answer 40

the gut