Breast Cancer Day 1 Flashcards
Molecular subtypes of breast cancer
ER, HER2 and PR
How can you test for different molecular types of breast cancer?
biopsy stain for the receptors
Which molecular type of breast cancer can you not use hormone therapy for?
triple negative
allostatic load
the cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events
When are there double the number of chromosomes in a cell?
after the S phase
in G2
What is a cyclin?
proteins that signal cell to move through phases of cell cycle
PI3K
a downstream product of EGF
EGF
epidermal growth factor
Piqray
a drug that prevents PI3K from working, thus effectively turning off EGF pathway
When do you use fulvestrant?
use in ER + tumors that are resistant to endocrine therapy
p53
major regulator of DNA damage (can trigger apoptosis)
tumor supressor gene
HER2
proto-oncogene
can get amplified and have uncontrolled cell growth
What does an allele frequency of 50% indicate?
germline mutation is likely
What does an allele frequency of <50% indicate?
somatic mutation
BRCA 1/2 mechanism of action (MOA)
tumor supressor gene
DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination
What else can a BRCA 1/2 mutation be associated with?
fanconi anemia
APC
tumor supressor gene
regulates mitotic spindle and transcriptional licensing factor B-catenin / WNT signaling
MEN2 mutations are a hallmark of what cancer?
medullary thyroid carcinoma
What type of gene is MEN2?
proto-oncogene
encodes receptor tyrosine kinase
VHL is commonly associated with what cancer?
clear cell renal cancer
retinal angioma
hemangioblastoma
VHL is what type of gene?
tumor suppressor gene
component of ubiquitination complex
Lynch syndrome (MLH1/MSH2/MSH6…)
mis-matched repair
associated with microsatellite instablility
RB1
tumor supressor gene
cell cycle regulation (G1/S transition)
Ras pathway
becomes activated when GDP is phorsphorylated to GTP
leads to activation of RAF kinases
RAF kinase -> MEKs -> MAP kinase
What happens after MAP kinase activation?
activation of transcription factors involved in cell cycle progression, growth and proliferation
What happens when histones are acetylated?
electrostatic attraction with DNA becomes weakened
more transcription happens
p53 and histone acetylation
p53 = tumor suppressor gene
therefore, p53 prevents histone acetylation and increases in transcription
