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Immunology Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 2 intrinsic immune systems

A
  • innate (nonspecific - born with it)
  • adaptive (specific - after exposure)
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2
Q

What are the two lines of defense of the innate immune system

A
  • 1st: external membranes (contain: keratin, enzymes, toxins, acidity, lipids, lysozyme, mucus)
  • 2nd: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, etc. that inhibit spread and drive inflammation
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3
Q

Describe the line of defense of the adaptive immune system

A
  • takes longer than innate
  • attacks particular foreign substances
  • Humoral immunity: B cells
  • Cellular immunity: T cells
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4
Q

Describe macrophages in the immune system

A
  • chief phagocytic cells
  • free macrophages wander through tissues
  • fixed macrophages in some organs (Langerhan’s of skin, Kuppfer of liver, Microglia of brain)
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5
Q

When do neutrophils become phagocytic

A

When meeting infectious material in tissues

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6
Q

What are lysosomes responsible for in phagocytosis

A

enzymes that digest particles engulfed in a phagocyte

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7
Q

Describe natural killer cells

A
  • large granular lymphocytes
  • in spleen, LNs, bone marrow, blood
  • lyse virus infected cells & Ab coated cells
  • enhance inflammatory response
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8
Q

List the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A
  • redness (rubor)
  • heat (calor)
  • swelling (tumor)
  • pain (dolor)
  • impaired function (functio laesa)
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9
Q

List some inflammatory mediators/cytokines

A
  • histamine from mast cells
  • blood proteins
  • kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complements
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10
Q

Describe interferons

A

complement proteins
- secreted by virus infected cells which enter neighboring cells and produce antiviral proteins to block reproduction
- produced in lymphocytes, WBCs, fibroblasts
- reduce inflammation, activate macrophages & NK cells

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11
Q

Describe complement proteins

A
  • cascade of 20+ serum proteins/glycoproteins that circulate in inactive forms
  • destroy foreign substances & amplify inflammation
  • cell lysis (opsonization)
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12
Q

What are the two complement activation pathways

A
  • classical: activated by Ag-Ab complexes
  • alternative: activated by components of pathogen surfaces
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13
Q

What is the cellular mechanism of fever

A

leukocytes & macrophages exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogens which increase body’s temp

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14
Q

What are the benefits of moderate fever

A
  • causes liver & spleen to sequester iron & zinc
  • increases metabolic rate & repair rate

(high fevers can denature important enzymes)

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15
Q

What are the functions of the adaptive/acquired immune system

A
  • protect against infectious agents/abnormal cells
  • amplifies inflammatory response
  • activates complement systems
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16
Q

Define antigens

A

substances that mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response

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17
Q

Define immunogens

A

substance that always gives an immune response (foreign protein, polysacc., lipids, nucleic acids)

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18
Q

Define haptens

A

incomplete/baby antigens that are only immunogenic when attached to body proteins (poison ivy, animal dander, detergents, cosmetics, drugs)

19
Q

Define Epitope/Antigenic determinants

A

certain parts of an entire antigen that are immunogenic
- Abs & lymphocyte receptors bind to them

20
Q

What are MHC proteins (major histocompatibility complex)

A
  • self antigen
  • Class I: found in all body cells (nucleated cells & platelets)
  • Class II: found on certain immune cells (dendritic cells, macrophages)
21
Q

Where are B cells and T cells matured

A

B: red bone marrow
T: thymus
(Naive/Unexposed B & T cells exported to LNs, spleen, lymphoid organs)

22
Q

Describe the 2 cells that T cells differentiate into

A
  • CD4: helper T, aid in humoral & cell-mediated immunity
  • CD8: cytotoxic T, cell mediated response against viral/tumor cells
23
Q

Describe Ag Presenting cells (APCs)

A

Engulf Ags & present fragments to be recognized by T cells
- dendritic cells in connective tissue & epidermis
- macrophages in connective tissue & lymphoid organs
- B cells

24
Q

Define antigen challenge

A

first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte (usually in spleen or LN)

(If B cell, will trigger Abs & immune response)

25
Q

Define clonal selection

A

Stimulated B cell grows to form a clone of identical cells bearing the same Ag specific receptors (usually requires T cell help)

26
Q

Define naturally acquired active humoral immunity

A

infection or contact with a pathogen

27
Q

Define artificially acquired active humoral immunity

A

vaccination or dead/attenuated pathogens

28
Q

Define naturally acquired passive humoral immunity

A

Abs passed from mom to fetus via placenta or breast milk

29
Q

Define artificially acquired passive humoral immunity

A

injection of immune serum (gamma globulin/antibodies)

30
Q

Describe IgM

A

IgM: pentamer, first Ab released, acute

31
Q

Describe IgA

A

IgA: monomer/dimer in mucus/secretions

32
Q

Describe IgD

A

IgD: monomer attached to B cell surfaces

33
Q

Describe IgG

A

IgG: monomer, 80% of Abs in plasma, from chronic/late infection, can cross placenta

34
Q

Describe IgE

A

IgE: monomer, allergies & parasitic infections

35
Q

CD4 cells become ____ when activated and CD8 cells become _____ when activated

A

CD4 = helper T

CD8 = cytotoxic

36
Q

Describe severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)

A
  • genetic defect with deficiency of B and T cells
  • abnormalities in interleukin receptors
  • fatal, treat with bone marrow transplant
37
Q

Describe Hodgekin’s disease

A
  • acquired immunodeficiency from cancer of B cells
  • depresses lymph node cells & immunity
38
Q

Describe AIDS

A
  • crippling of immune system by interfering with helper T activity (CD4)
  • susceptible to opportunistic infection
39
Q

Describe autoimmune diseases

A
  • immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
  • autoantibodies & cytotoxic T cells attack body tissue
40
Q

Describe Type 1/Acute hypersensitivity (allergy)

A
  • immediate immune response after contact with allergen
  • asymptomatic initially but becomes sensitized (local or systemic)
  • involves IL-4 secreted by T cells which stimulates B cells to secrete IgE
41
Q

Describe anaphylactic shock (Type 1 hypersensitivity)

A

systemic response to allergen directly entering blood
- systemic histamine release causing: constriction of bronchioles, sudden vasodilation, HoTN
- treat with epi

42
Q

Describe Type 2/cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A
  • subacute
  • **Ab mediated hypersensitivity against our own cells/receptors/membranes
  • mediated by IgG or IgM
  • slow onset with long duration
    (ex. transfusion reaction, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (Graves, MG, Goodpasture))
43
Q

Describe Type 3 hypersensitivity

A
  • subacute
  • complexes deposted in various tissues
  • high levels of circulating IgG or IgM
  • intense inflammation, local cell lysis

(SLE, RA, PSGN)

44
Q

Describe Type 4 delayed hypersensitivity

A
  • onset extremely slow (days)
  • involves helper T cells, activated macrophages, cytotoxic T cells

(allergic contact dermatitis, poison ivy, Mantoux test)

Cumulative (188 decks)

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