Immunology - Allergic Rhinitis Flashcards
What causes allergic rhinitis?
IgE-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Allergens cause inflammatory response in nasal mucosa
How often can children get allergic rhinitis?
Seasonal - hay fever
Perennial (year round) - dust mite allergy
Occupational - school or work associated
How does allergic rhinitis present?
Runny, blocked and itchy nose
Sneezing
Itchy, red and swollen eyes
What is allergic rhinitis associated with?
Personal or family history of atopic conditions
How is allergic rhinitis diagnosed?
Based on history
Can use skin prick testing, particularly for pollen, animals and house dust mite allergy
What can trigger allergic rhinitis?
Tree pollen or grass
House dust mites
Pets
Other allergens e.g. mould
What triggers cause persistent symptoms of allergic rhinitis?
Pets
Pet, hair, skin or saliva is present
House dust mites
Worse in dusty rooms at night
Pillows can be full of house dust mites
How is allergic rhinitis managed generally?
Avoid triggers
Vacuuming regularly
Changing pillows regularly
Good home ventilation
Staying indoors with high pollen count
Minimise pet contact if they trigger allergies
Medications
Consider immunologist referral if not made better with medications
What medications can help with allergic rhinitis?
Oral antihistamines prior to exposure
Nasal corticosteroid sprays
Nasal antihistamines
Give examples of non-sedating and sedating oral antihistamines
Non-sedating
Cetirizine
Loratadine
Fexofenadine
Sedating
Chlorphenamine (piriton)
Promethazine
When are nasal corticosteroids used?
Taken regularly to suppress local allergic symptoms
What are some examples of nasal corticosteroids?
Fluticasone
Mometasone
When are nasal antihistamines used?
Rapid onset symptoms in response to a trigger
What technique should be used for nasal sprays?
Hold spray in left hand for the right nostril and vice versa
Aim to spray slightly outward, away from the nasal septum
Do not sniff at the same time as spraying
