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HD2 > Immunisations for childhood infections > Flashcards

Immunisations for childhood infections Flashcards

1
Q

Why are children more susceptible to infections:

Immunological? [2]
Anatomical? [3]
Exposure? [1]

A

Immunological
* Immaturity
* Lack of memory

Anatomical
* Thinner skin
* Shorter airways
* Anatomy of Eustachian tube: otitis media

Exposure
* Hygiene, nursery/daycare

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2
Q

Most infections present with which symptom? [1]

A

Fever (>37.8) [1]

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3
Q

How do the following compare to rectal core temperature thermometers

Tympanic membrane (ear) [1]
Oral [1]
Axilla [1]

A

Tympanic membrane (ear): similar
Oral: 0.5 lower
Axilla: 1 lower

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4
Q

What is the causative agent of Strep throat? [1]

How does someone with Strep throat present? [4]

When is it a problem? [1]

A

group A Streptococcus

Sore throt
Trouble swallowing
Fever
Stomach Pain
Headache

problem when it becomes septic

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5
Q

Name a viral infection that is worse in childhood than in adulthood? [1]

Name a viral infection that is worse in adulthood than in childhood? [1]

A

Name a viral infection that is worse in childhood than in adulthood? [1]
HSV

Name a viral infection that is worse in adulthood than in childhood? [1]
VZV - leads to shingles

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5
Q

Name a viral infection that is worse in childhood than in adulthood? [1]

Name a viral infection that is worse in adulthood than in childhood? [1]

A

Name a viral infection that is worse in childhood than in adulthood? [1]
HSV

Name a viral infection that is worse in adulthood than in childhood? [1]
VZV - leads to shingles

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6
Q

Why are there less treatment options for viruses than bacterial infections?

A
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7
Q

At what age is the MMR vaccine first given to children? [1]

When is booster? [1]

A

A one years old

At three years old

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8
Q

What do we not vaccinate agaisnt [1]

A

RSV (in regulatory approval)

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9
Q

Which vaccines are given in the 6 in 1 vaccine? [6]

At what ages is it given to children? [3]

Describe the vaccination plan so that th full course is given [:)]

A

Diptheria, tetanus, pertusis, polio, Haemophilus influezae type B (Hib) and hep B

All given at: 8 weeks; 12 weeks; 16 weeks

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio given again at 3 years 4 months

Tetanus, diphtheria and polio at 14 years

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10
Q

Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium []

A

Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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11
Q

When is rotavirus vaccine given? [2]

A

8 weeks
12 weeks

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12
Q

What is the target for herd immunity for measles? [1]

A

Target 95% coverage for herd immunity

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12
Q

The HPV vaccine protects agaisnt which strains? [4]

What pathologies do these strains cause? [2]

A

Protects agaisnt: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18

Genital warts: caused by type 6 and 11

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13
Q

Name two severe types of infections that Staphylococcus aureus can cause in children [2]

A

Osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone marrow)

Septic arthritis

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14
Q

Describe how bacterial meningitis causes change by age group

A

Newborns: are more likely to suffer from Group B Streptococcus

Adults are more likely to suffer from Streptococcus pneumonia

15
Q

Which is more likely to cause severe disease in children

Bacteria
Fungal
Viral

A

Which is more likely to cause severe disease in children

Bacteria
Fungal
Viral

16
Q

Why is treating viral infections more difficult than treating bacterial infections (in childhood) [1]

A

Limited treatment options for viruses compared to bacterial preventions

17
Q

Which of the following can lead to chronicity

Varicella zoster virus
Hepatitis B virus
Epstein-Barr virus
Smallpox

A

Which of the following can lead to chronicity

Varicella zoster virus
Hepatitis B virus
Epstein-Barr virus
Smallpox

18
Q

Name three viral childhood infections that could cause cancer [3]

A

Hep B
Papilloma
EBV

19
Q

Explain how active immunity works [2]

A

Antibody mediated response:
* B cells produce immunoglobulins which can opsonise / phagocytose / neutralise / complement / lyse pathogens

Cell mediated response
T cells
* :CD8 cytotoxic
* CD4 stimulate direct activity of B cells

20
Q

Which antibody is produced first in response to an infection? [1]

A

IgM

21
Q

Which antibody takes over as the main antibody response to an infection? [1]

A

IgG

22
Q

Which antibody is the most common?

IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE

A

Which antibody is the most common?

IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE

23
Q

Describe the shape of IgA [1]

Describe the locations IgA is found [4]

Describe how IgA causes prevents colonisation of pathogens [1]

A

Shape: Dimer

Locations: Mucusoal areas: gut; resp. tract ; breast milk & urogential tract

Role:causes agglunation of pathogens and they get washed out

24
Q

Which antibody is the crosses the placenta?

IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE

A

Which antibody is the crosses the placenta?

IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE

25
Q

Which antibody is in breast milk?

IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE

A

Which antibody is in breast milk?

IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE

26
Q

Describe the shape of IgE [1]

Describe the locations IgE is found [2]

Describe how IgE works [1]

A

Shape: Monomer

Location: lymph nodes & site of allergic reactions

Role: binds to allergens; triggers histamines release from mast cells and basophils. protects agaisnt parastic worms

27
Q

Describe the shape of IgG [1]

Describe the locations IgG is found [2]

Describe how IgG works [1]

A

Shape: Monomer

Locations: Serum (most common); crosses placenta

Role: Enhances phagocytosis and fixes complements

28
Q

Describe the shape of IgM [1]

Describe the locations IgM is found [2]

Describe how IgM works [1]

A

Shape: Pentamer

Locations: First response to infection

Role: Fixes complements

29
Q

Name molecules that CD4+ T cells produce [4] and what role this has

A

CD4+ T cell produce IFNy, TNFa/b, IL2 and IL3 supporting activation and differentiation of B cells, CD8+ T cells and macrophages (Th1).

30
Q

Name two ways CD8+ T cells directly kill cells [2]

A

Release of granzyme
Release of perforin

31
Q

Which type of vaccine should not be given to immunocompromised people?

Inactivated vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Conjugate vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
Subunit vaccine

A

Which type of vaccine should not be given to immunocompromised people?

Inactivated vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Conjugate vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
Subunit vaccine

32
Q

Desribe the role of an adjuvant of an antigen [1]

A

Increase immunogenicity of vaccines that contain inactivated antigens

33
Q

How do you calculate the proportion of population that needs to be vaccinated to prevent sustained spread of a pathogen? [1]

A

Needs to be larger than 1-1/R0

(e.g. Measles: predicted infection from 1 person is 18: 1-1/18 = 94.4)

34
Q

When is rotavirus vaccination given? [2]

A

8 weeks
12 weeks

35
Q

When are Meningiococcal and pneumococcal vacines given (probs just be aware)

A

Meningococcal group B
8 weeks
16 weeks
1 year
Meningococcal group C (Hib)
1 year
Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y
14 years
Pneumococcal (13 serotypes)
12 weeks
1 year

36
Q

What does immune memory of a pathogen depend upon? [1]

A

Whether immune memory can protect against a future pathogen encounter depends on the incubation time of the infection, the quality of the memory response and the level of antibodies induced by memory B cells

Greater incubation: greater immune memory

37
Q

What is the difference between Strep throat and scarlet fever? [1]

Name a symptom of scarlet fever not in strep throat

A

Both caused by group A Streptococcus (group A strep).

When Group A strep just infects throat: strep throat
* fever and an inflamed, painful throat with swelling of the tonsils.

When Group A strep becomes more systemic: scarlett fever:
* Rash and strawberry tongue presentation

HD2 (55 decks)

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