Immunisations for childhood infections Flashcards
Why are children more susceptible to infections:
Immunological? [2]
Anatomical? [3]
Exposure? [1]
Immunological
* Immaturity
* Lack of memory
Anatomical
* Thinner skin
* Shorter airways
* Anatomy of Eustachian tube: otitis media
Exposure
* Hygiene, nursery/daycare
Most infections present with which symptom? [1]
Fever (>37.8) [1]
How do the following compare to rectal core temperature thermometers
Tympanic membrane (ear) [1]
Oral [1]
Axilla [1]
Tympanic membrane (ear): similar
Oral: 0.5 lower
Axilla: 1 lower
What is the causative agent of Strep throat? [1]
How does someone with Strep throat present? [4]
When is it a problem? [1]
group A Streptococcus
Sore throt
Trouble swallowing
Fever
Stomach Pain
Headache
problem when it becomes septic
Name a viral infection that is worse in childhood than in adulthood? [1]
Name a viral infection that is worse in adulthood than in childhood? [1]
Name a viral infection that is worse in childhood than in adulthood? [1]
HSV
Name a viral infection that is worse in adulthood than in childhood? [1]
VZV - leads to shingles
Name a viral infection that is worse in childhood than in adulthood? [1]
Name a viral infection that is worse in adulthood than in childhood? [1]
Name a viral infection that is worse in childhood than in adulthood? [1]
HSV
Name a viral infection that is worse in adulthood than in childhood? [1]
VZV - leads to shingles
Why are there less treatment options for viruses than bacterial infections?
At what age is the MMR vaccine first given to children? [1]
When is booster? [1]
A one years old
At three years old
What do we not vaccinate agaisnt [1]
RSV (in regulatory approval)
Which vaccines are given in the 6 in 1 vaccine? [6]
At what ages is it given to children? [3]
Describe the vaccination plan so that th full course is given [:)]
Diptheria, tetanus, pertusis, polio, Haemophilus influezae type B (Hib) and hep B
All given at: 8 weeks; 12 weeks; 16 weeks
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio given again at 3 years 4 months
Tetanus, diphtheria and polio at 14 years
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium []
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
When is rotavirus vaccine given? [2]
8 weeks
12 weeks
What is the target for herd immunity for measles? [1]
Target 95% coverage for herd immunity
The HPV vaccine protects agaisnt which strains? [4]
What pathologies do these strains cause? [2]
Protects agaisnt: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18
Genital warts: caused by type 6 and 11
Name two severe types of infections that Staphylococcus aureus can cause in children [2]
Osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone marrow)
Septic arthritis
Describe how bacterial meningitis causes change by age group
Newborns: are more likely to suffer from Group B Streptococcus
Adults are more likely to suffer from Streptococcus pneumonia
Which is more likely to cause severe disease in children
Bacteria
Fungal
Viral
Which is more likely to cause severe disease in children
Bacteria
Fungal
Viral
Why is treating viral infections more difficult than treating bacterial infections (in childhood) [1]
Limited treatment options for viruses compared to bacterial preventions
Which of the following can lead to chronicity
Varicella zoster virus
Hepatitis B virus
Epstein-Barr virus
Smallpox
Which of the following can lead to chronicity
Varicella zoster virus
Hepatitis B virus
Epstein-Barr virus
Smallpox
Name three viral childhood infections that could cause cancer [3]
Hep B
Papilloma
EBV
Explain how active immunity works [2]
Antibody mediated response:
* B cells produce immunoglobulins which can opsonise / phagocytose / neutralise / complement / lyse pathogens
Cell mediated response
T cells
* :CD8 cytotoxic
* CD4 stimulate direct activity of B cells
Which antibody is produced first in response to an infection? [1]
IgM
Which antibody takes over as the main antibody response to an infection? [1]
IgG
Which antibody is the most common?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
Which antibody is the most common?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
Describe the shape of IgA [1]
Describe the locations IgA is found [4]
Describe how IgA causes prevents colonisation of pathogens [1]
Shape: Dimer
Locations: Mucusoal areas: gut; resp. tract ; breast milk & urogential tract
Role:causes agglunation of pathogens and they get washed out
Which antibody is the crosses the placenta?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
Which antibody is the crosses the placenta?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
Which antibody is in breast milk?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
Which antibody is in breast milk?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
Describe the shape of IgE [1]
Describe the locations IgE is found [2]
Describe how IgE works [1]
Shape: Monomer
Location: lymph nodes & site of allergic reactions
Role: binds to allergens; triggers histamines release from mast cells and basophils. protects agaisnt parastic worms
Describe the shape of IgG [1]
Describe the locations IgG is found [2]
Describe how IgG works [1]
Shape: Monomer
Locations: Serum (most common); crosses placenta
Role: Enhances phagocytosis and fixes complements
Describe the shape of IgM [1]
Describe the locations IgM is found [2]
Describe how IgM works [1]
Shape: Pentamer
Locations: First response to infection
Role: Fixes complements
Name molecules that CD4+ T cells produce [4] and what role this has
CD4+ T cell produce IFNy, TNFa/b, IL2 and IL3 supporting activation and differentiation of B cells, CD8+ T cells and macrophages (Th1).
Name two ways CD8+ T cells directly kill cells [2]
Release of granzyme
Release of perforin
Which type of vaccine should not be given to immunocompromised people?
Inactivated vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Conjugate vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Which type of vaccine should not be given to immunocompromised people?
Inactivated vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Conjugate vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Desribe the role of an adjuvant of an antigen [1]
Increase immunogenicity of vaccines that contain inactivated antigens
How do you calculate the proportion of population that needs to be vaccinated to prevent sustained spread of a pathogen? [1]
Needs to be larger than 1-1/R0
(e.g. Measles: predicted infection from 1 person is 18: 1-1/18 = 94.4)
When is rotavirus vaccination given? [2]
8 weeks
12 weeks
When are Meningiococcal and pneumococcal vacines given (probs just be aware)
Meningococcal group B
8 weeks
16 weeks
1 year
Meningococcal group C (Hib)
1 year
Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y
14 years
Pneumococcal (13 serotypes)
12 weeks
1 year
What does immune memory of a pathogen depend upon? [1]
Whether immune memory can protect against a future pathogen encounter depends on the incubation time of the infection, the quality of the memory response and the level of antibodies induced by memory B cells
Greater incubation: greater immune memory
What is the difference between Strep throat and scarlet fever? [1]
Name a symptom of scarlet fever not in strep throat
Both caused by group A Streptococcus (group A strep).
When Group A strep just infects throat: strep throat
* fever and an inflamed, painful throat with swelling of the tonsils.
When Group A strep becomes more systemic: scarlett fever:
* Rash and strawberry tongue presentation
