Common childhood infections: Fungal & Protozoa Flashcards
What is the difference between supercial and invasive myoceses [2]
Superficial myoces:
* Common
* Normal hosts
Invasive mycoses:
* Rare
* Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts
* Risk is increased particularly by disorders that affect T cells and neutrophils
Which is the most severe form of malaria? [1]
Plasmodium falciparum
What are the 5 main species of malaria?
P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. knowlesi
Which of the following types of malaria can lie dormant?
P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. knowlesi
Which of the following types of malaria can lie dormant?
P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. knowlesi
Be specific - name the type of mosquito that spreads malaria [2]
Malaria is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes
Explain pathophysiology of malaria life cycle
Malaria is spread by mosquitoes
Infected blood is sucked up by feeding female Anopheles mosquito.
Malaria in the blood reproduces in the gut of the mosquito producing thousands of sporozoites (malaria spores).
The mosquito bites another human or animal the sporozoites are injected by the mosquito. These sporozoites travel to the liver of the newly infected person
Sporozoites mature in the liver into merozoites which enter the blood and infect red blood cells.
merozoites reproduce over 48 hours, after which the red blood cells rupture releasing loads more merozoites into the blood and causing a haemolytic anaemia
What are severe consequences of malaria? [4]
- Haemolytic Anaemia
- Respiratory distress
- Cerebral malaria (coma, seizures)
- Hypoglycaemia
Why do people infected with malaria have high fever spikes every 48 hours? [1]
In red blood cells the merozoites reproduce over 48 hours, after which the red blood cells rupture releasing loads more merozoites into the blood
Why do people infected with malaria have high fever spikes every 48 hours? [1]
In red blood cells the merozoites reproduce over 48 hours, after which the red blood cells rupture releasing loads more merozoites into the blood
Treatment for malaria? [3]
- Artesunate.
- Combination treatment (eg Coartem: artemether-lumefantrine
- Quinine dihydrochloride
What are the 5 steps of virus lifecycle? [5]
ATTACHMENT
ENTRY
UNCOATING
SYNTHESIS OF VIRAL COMPONENTS
ASSEMBLY AND RELEASE
What are the important enveloped RNA viruses need to know? [10]
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
RSV, influenza, parainfluenza
SARS-CoV-2
Hepatitis C
HIV
Often respiratory viruses
What are the important not-enveloped RNA viruses need to know? [3]
Rotavirus
Enteroviruses (includes polio)
Hepatitis A
All enteric viruses
What are the important enveloped DNA viruses need to know?
Herpes viruses
* Herpes simplex
* Varicella zoster
* CMV
* Epstein-Barr
* HHV 6/7/8
Hepatitis B
Poxviruses
Learn all lol
What are the non-enveloped DNA viruses need to know? [3]
Papillomavirus
Adenovirus
Parvovirus (ssDNA)
PAPs
Explain the differences in the presentations of Herpes simplex in older children and adults [3] compared to very young children [2]
Older children and adults: relatively benign
* Herpes labialis
* Herpetic whitlow
* Cold sore
Neonates: causes perncious effects via two presentations:
- Disseminated HSV
- HSV encephalitis:
Describe the symptoms of herpes simplex in neonates if they were to have:
Disseminated HSV [3]
HSV encephalitis [3]
HSV encephalitis
* fever
* seizures
* haemorrhagic infarction of white matter and cortex
Disseminated HSV:
* Sepsis like syndrome
* hepatitis
* coagulapathy
How does Congenital CMV infection present in children? [1]
Asymptomatic present with deafness later in loss: Long-term sensorineural hearing loss
Treatment of congenital CMV? [2]
How does it work agaisnt CMV [1]
How long should treatment last? [1]
IV ganciclovir
or
oral valganciclovir (pro-drug) :inhibits DNA synthesis
6 months of treatment reduces hearing loss and improves neurodevelopment
Chickenpox aka? [1]
Varicella zoster virus [1]
Which child populations suffer worse in from Varicella zoster virus? [1]
What treatment would you give for severe VCV? [2]
Severe in immunosuppressed
Treatment:
Steroid treatment;
Chemotherapy
What are potential secondary bacterial infections of VZV? [1]
Name a consequence of this secondary bacterial infection [1]
Strep. infection (specifically Strep A)
Causes Necrotizing fasciitis
Which immunoglobulin should you test for if unsure of previous VZV virus? [1]
IgG
Why is VZV more severe in adults? [1]
Which adult population is it particularly severe in? [1]
Adults have a more developed host response; makes the symptoms worse than childhood
Particularly severe in pregnant women
Where does VZV impact in adults? [1]
Lungs; Pneumonitis
Name a virus that is usually asymptomatic in early life but is typically worse in 15-25 years old [1]
Epstein-Barr virus: causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
Explain how geography impacts Epstein-Barr virus impact? [1]
In Africa: have higher rates of chronic immunosuppression due to endemic malaria
Causes more aggressive lymphomas
Explain how host immunity impacts Epstein-Barr virus impact? [2]
Lymphoma in children and adults with advanced HIV disease
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
Which virus has differing chronicty depending on age at infection? [1]
Hep. B
How does Hepatitis B chronicity depend on age at infection?
Chronic HBV infection occurs in approximately 90% of newborns infected perinatally, 30% of children aged under 5 years, and <5% of immunocompetent adults.
What infection does this child have? [1]
(congenital) CMV
