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HD2 > Common childhood infections: Fungal & Protozoa > Flashcards

Common childhood infections: Fungal & Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between supercial and invasive myoceses [2]

A

Superficial myoces:
* Common
* Normal hosts

Invasive mycoses:
* Rare
* Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts
* Risk is increased particularly by disorders that affect T cells and neutrophils

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2
Q

Which is the most severe form of malaria? [1]

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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3
Q

What are the 5 main species of malaria?

A

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. knowlesi

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4
Q

Which of the following types of malaria can lie dormant?

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. knowlesi

A

Which of the following types of malaria can lie dormant?

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. knowlesi

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5
Q

Be specific - name the type of mosquito that spreads malaria [2]

A

Malaria is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes

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6
Q

Explain pathophysiology of malaria life cycle

A

Malaria is spread by mosquitoes

Infected blood is sucked up by feeding female Anopheles mosquito.

Malaria in the blood reproduces in the gut of the mosquito producing thousands of sporozoites (malaria spores).

The mosquito bites another human or animal the sporozoites are injected by the mosquito. These sporozoites travel to the liver of the newly infected person

Sporozoites mature in the liver into merozoites which enter the blood and infect red blood cells.

merozoites reproduce over 48 hours, after which the red blood cells rupture releasing loads more merozoites into the blood and causing a haemolytic anaemia

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7
Q

What are severe consequences of malaria? [4]

A
  • Haemolytic Anaemia
  • Respiratory distress
  • Cerebral malaria (coma, seizures)
  • Hypoglycaemia
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8
Q

Why do people infected with malaria have high fever spikes every 48 hours? [1]

A

In red blood cells the merozoites reproduce over 48 hours, after which the red blood cells rupture releasing loads more merozoites into the blood

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9
Q

Why do people infected with malaria have high fever spikes every 48 hours? [1]

A

In red blood cells the merozoites reproduce over 48 hours, after which the red blood cells rupture releasing loads more merozoites into the blood

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10
Q

Treatment for malaria? [3]

A
  • Artesunate.
  • Combination treatment (eg Coartem: artemether-lumefantrine
  • Quinine dihydrochloride
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11
Q

What are the 5 steps of virus lifecycle? [5]

A

ATTACHMENT
ENTRY
UNCOATING
SYNTHESIS OF VIRAL COMPONENTS
ASSEMBLY AND RELEASE

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12
Q

What are the important enveloped RNA viruses need to know? [10]

A

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
RSV, influenza, parainfluenza
SARS-CoV-2
Hepatitis C
HIV

Often respiratory viruses

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13
Q

What are the important not-enveloped RNA viruses need to know? [3]

A

Rotavirus
Enteroviruses (includes polio)
Hepatitis A

All enteric viruses

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14
Q

What are the important enveloped DNA viruses need to know?

A

Herpes viruses
* Herpes simplex
* Varicella zoster
* CMV
* Epstein-Barr
* HHV 6/7/8

Hepatitis B
Poxviruses

Learn all lol

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15
Q

What are the non-enveloped DNA viruses need to know? [3]

A

Papillomavirus
Adenovirus
Parvovirus (ssDNA)
PAPs

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16
Q

Explain the differences in the presentations of Herpes simplex in older children and adults [3] compared to very young children [2]

A

Older children and adults: relatively benign
* Herpes labialis
* Herpetic whitlow
* Cold sore

Neonates: causes perncious effects via two presentations:

  • Disseminated HSV
  • HSV encephalitis:
17
Q

Describe the symptoms of herpes simplex in neonates if they were to have:

Disseminated HSV [3]

HSV encephalitis [3]

A

HSV encephalitis
* fever
* seizures
* haemorrhagic infarction of white matter and cortex

Disseminated HSV:
* Sepsis like syndrome
* hepatitis
* coagulapathy

18
Q

How does Congenital CMV infection present in children? [1]

A

Asymptomatic present with deafness later in loss: Long-term sensorineural hearing loss

19
Q

Treatment of congenital CMV? [2]
How does it work agaisnt CMV [1]
How long should treatment last? [1]

A

IV ganciclovir
or
oral valganciclovir (pro-drug) :inhibits DNA synthesis

6 months of treatment reduces hearing loss and improves neurodevelopment

20
Q

Chickenpox aka? [1]

A

Varicella zoster virus [1]

21
Q

Which child populations suffer worse in from Varicella zoster virus? [1]
What treatment would you give for severe VCV? [2]

A

Severe in immunosuppressed

Treatment:
Steroid treatment;
Chemotherapy

22
Q

What are potential secondary bacterial infections of VZV? [1]
Name a consequence of this secondary bacterial infection [1]

A

Strep. infection (specifically Strep A)
Causes Necrotizing fasciitis

23
Q

Which immunoglobulin should you test for if unsure of previous VZV virus? [1]

A

IgG

24
Q

Why is VZV more severe in adults? [1]
Which adult population is it particularly severe in? [1]

A

Adults have a more developed host response; makes the symptoms worse than childhood

Particularly severe in pregnant women

25
Q

Where does VZV impact in adults? [1]

A

Lungs; Pneumonitis

26
Q

Name a virus that is usually asymptomatic in early life but is typically worse in 15-25 years old [1]

A

Epstein-Barr virus: causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

27
Q

Explain how geography impacts Epstein-Barr virus impact? [1]

A

In Africa: have higher rates of chronic immunosuppression due to endemic malaria

Causes more aggressive lymphomas

28
Q

Explain how host immunity impacts Epstein-Barr virus impact? [2]

A

Lymphoma in children and adults with advanced HIV disease

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease

29
Q

Which virus has differing chronicty depending on age at infection? [1]

A

Hep. B

30
Q

How does Hepatitis B chronicity depend on age at infection?

A

Chronic HBV infection occurs in approximately 90% of newborns infected perinatally, 30% of children aged under 5 years, and <5% of immunocompetent adults.

31
Q

What infection does this child have? [1]

A

(congenital) CMV

HD2 (55 decks)

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