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HD2 > HD2 Histology: Male Reproductive Pathology > Flashcards

HD2 Histology: Male Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Label A-C

A

A: Semineferous tubules
B: Tunica albuginea
C: Epididymis

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Name this region of the testis [1]

A

Rete testis

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4
Q

What is the layer called that surrounds the testis? [1]

A

tunica albuginea

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5
Q

Name the two stages of spermatogenesis [2]

A

Spermatogenesis (Spermatogenesis is the process by which an undifferentiated spermatogonium develops into a spermatid)
Spermiogenesis (Spermiogenesis is the process by which a spermatid matures into a spermatozoan)

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6
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis [5]

A

Spermatogenesis:
* Division of spermatognia into more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes via meiosis
* Spermatogonia remain in the basal compartment
* Primary spermatocytes migrate away from the basement membrane and cross in the adjuminal comparment towards the lumen of the ST
* Primary spermatocytes then enter meiosis (prolonged prophase) - which faciliates the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
* First division creates secondary spermatocytes with 23 pairs of chromosomes
* Secondary spermatocytes divide into haploid spermatids

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7
Q

What is the final product of spermatogenesis? [1]

A

Haploid spermatid

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8
Q

Describe the processes that occur in spemiogenesis [4]

A

Cellular changes occur in the spermatid:
* Development of acrosome
* Development of flagellum
* Mitochondria develop around flagellum
* Bulk of cytoplasm is removed

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9
Q

Describe the processes that occur in spemiogenesis [4]

A

Cellular changes occur in the spermatid:
* Development of acrosome
* Development of flagellum
* Mitochondria develop around flagellum
* Bulk of cytoplasm is removed

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10
Q

What does the sperm acrosome contain [1] and what is their function [1]

A

Contents: hydrolytic enzymes
Role: help the sperm penetrate the egg’s coats

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11
Q

Where are sertoli cells located? [1]

A

germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.

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12
Q

Describe the structure / how would you recognise sertoli cells? [2]

A

Nuclei is oval, intense nucleolus and large nucleus
Extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of seminiferous tubules
Have abundant cytoplasm

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13
Q

Describe the role of sertoli cells:

  • Structurally [1]
  • Which molecules does it produce? [2]
A
  • synthesize androgen-binding protein: keeps testosterone levels high in the ST
  • Structural and chemical support to the developing spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids: forms barrier stopping sperm
  • produce inhibin: controls amount of FSH produced
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14
Q

What is the role of Leydig cells? [1]
Name of structre often found inside them? [1]

A
  • Produce testosterone: binds to androgen binding protein in the Sertoli cells
  • Causes the the growth and maintenance of cells of the germinal epithelium and the development of secondary sex characteristics
  • Often have cytoplasmic crystals of Reinke
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15
Q

Explain the role of the blood-testis barrier? [2]

A

Creates an Immunological Barrier:

This is necessary to avoid the production of anti-sperm antibodies and autoimmune disease, which leads to male infertility

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of prepuberty testis? [3]

A
  • the seminiferous tubules contain mostly Sertoli cells (oval nuclei)
  • A few differentiated Leydig cells
  • Most of the interstitial tissue between tubules are fibroblasts
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17
Q

Why is there no testosterone produced in prepuberty testis? [1]

A

No FSH produced so no testosterone produced

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18
Q

What are the cell types of rete testis? [1]

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelial

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19
Q

Where in the testis do sperm become mobile? [1]

A

Epididymis

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20
Q

Describe the structure of the epididymis [2]

A
  • pseudostratified epithelium w/ non-motile stereocilia
  • contain lots of spermatozoa in the lumen
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21
Q

What is the function of the non-motile stereocilia on the epididymis? [1]

A

absorb much of the excess fluid containing the spermatozoa

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the ducuts / vas deferens

A
  • Muscular wall comprised of: Inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal
  • Pseudostratified cells bearing stereocilia
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23
Q

How can you distinguish between a slide that is the seminiferous tubule compared to the epididymis? [1]

A

seminiferous tubule: few sperm in lumen

epididymis: lots of sperm in lumen

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24
Q

Seminal vesicles are glandular sacs that produce a secretion that composes 80% of the seminal fluid. Name three productst that are in the secretion produced by the seminal vesicles

A

Contains fructose, fibrinogen, and prostaglandins (energy for sperm; keeps seminal fluid liquid)

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25
Q

Describe the structure of the seminal vesicles [3]

A
  • Appear honeycombed: thin highly branched folds of mucosa
  • lined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Note the layer of smooth muscle surrounding the saccular dilation of the gland (helps to expel fluid)
26
Q

The prostate produces a secretory product containing what? [2]

A

Citric acid and proteolytic enzymes that prevent coagulation of semen and break down female mucus

27
Q

What is the structure of the cells in the prostate? [1]

How can you recognise that a slide comes from the prostate? [1]

A

Columnar

Contain prostatic concretions – protein aggregations that accumulate

28
Q

What is the structure of the cells in the prostate? [1]

How can you recognise that a slide comes from the prostate? [1]

A

Columnar

Contain prostatic concretions – protein aggregations that accumulate

29
Q

The male urethra is lined by what type of cell? [1]
How does this change when it reaches the opening? [1]

A

Urethra is lined with transitional epithelium
But at its opening changes to a stratified squamous epithelium

30
Q

How would atrophic testis appear? [1]

Which cell types are present? [2]

A

Looks like pre-pubertal seminiferous tubule

  • Seminiferous tubules contain Sertoli cells, but none of the characteristic cells of spermatogenesis
  • Abundant Leydig cells remain in the interstitium
31
Q

In which condition would you see atrophic testis? [1]

A

Atrophic testes occur in cryptorchidism, when testis fail to descend into the scrotum

32
Q

How would you expect the levels of testosterone to compare to a health male individual? [1]

A

Because the number of Leydig cells does not change, the levels of testosterone should be similar to a healthy male

33
Q

Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate: which part of the prostate does it occur in? [1]

A

Transitional zone has proliferation and hypertrophy

34
Q

Adenocarcinoma prostate:

Occurs in which zone of the prostate? [1]
How does is it present histopathologically/ [1]

A

peripheral zone w/ adenocarnioma

Note the malignant glands are generally smaller than benign glands

Benign: L; Malignant: R

35
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of testicular torsion

A

Twisting of spermatic cord:

  • Venous compromise
  • Turns to arterial occlusion
  • Ischemia
36
Q

Treatment of testicular torsion? [3]

A

Treatment
* Detorsion
* Orchidopexy (surgical procedure that moves an undescended testicle into the scrotum). Plus contralateral side check
* Orchiectomy (a surgical procedure to remove one or both testicles) 42% during surgical evaluation

37
Q

What are the two types of testicular cancer & where do they originate? [2]

Which is more common? [1]

Which is more likely to metastasise? [1]

A

Seminomas:
* Originate in germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules (germ cells)
* More common

Non-seminmomas
* Yolk sac, embryonal cell, choriocarcinoma and teratomas
* More likely to metastasise

38
Q

Which part of the testis changes during testicular cancer and how does it present? [1]

A

Seminiferous tubule becomes full of proliferating spermatogonia

39
Q

Which part of the testis changes during testicular cancer and how does it present? [1]

A

Seminiferous tubule becomes full of **proliferating spermatogonia **

40
Q

Treatment for testicualr cancer?

A
  • Surgery (radical orchiectomy) for primary
  • Surveillance protocols used for stage 1 disease
  • Radiation (very radiosensitive tumour) and chemotherapy (platinum based) used in higher stage disease
  • Retroperitoneal lymph b dissection used for residual post chemotherapy disease
41
Q

Label A-F

A
42
Q

Label A-C

A
43
Q

What is wrong with this testis slide? [1]

A

Nothing: prepubertal

44
Q
A
45
Q

Which part of the male reproductive tract is this? [1]

A

epididymis

46
Q

Which part of the male reproductive tract is this? [1]

A

Vas deferens

47
Q

Which part of the male reproductive tract is this? [1]

A

Seminal vesicle

48
Q

Which part of the male reproductive tract does this histology slide depict? [1]

Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vas deferens
Epididymus
Seminiferous tubule

A

Which part of the male reproductive tract does this histology slide depict? [1]

Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vas deferens
Epididymus
Seminiferous tubule

49
Q

Name and descirbe the role of A [2]

A

Leydig cell; produces testosterone

50
Q

Identify A, B, C, and D in this image of the germinal epithelium.

A

A = Leydig cell, B = spermatozoa, C = primary spermatocyte, D = spermatogonium

51
Q

Name this structure

A

Ductus deferens

52
Q

Which part of the male reproductive tract does this histology slide depict? [1]

Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vas deferens
Epididymus
Seminiferous tubule

A

Which part of the male reproductive tract does this histology slide depict? [1]

Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vas deferens
Epididymus
Seminiferous tubule

53
Q

What is the stage of the large cells with pale cytoplasm?.

A

Primary spermocytes

54
Q

Which part of the male reproductive tract does this histology slide depict? [1]

Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vas deferens
Epididymus
Seminiferous tubule

A

Which part of the male reproductive tract does this histology slide depict? [1]

Seminal vesicle
Prostate - Note the concretion in the lumen.
Vas deferens
Epididymus
Seminiferous tubule

55
Q
A

Sertoli cell. They form the blood-testis barrier through intercellular connections (tight junctions). They also secrete androgen-binding protein.

56
Q
A

Myoid cells. They generate rhythmic contractions to propel spermatozoa through seminiferous tubules. They also synthesize collagen.

57
Q
A

Leydig Cell. It synthesizes testosterone. Leutenizing hormone (LH) stimulates it to increase production of testosterone.

58
Q
A

Sterocilia. Actin filaments provide structural support.

59
Q

Prostate:

A

Basal cell. Its presence distinguishes benign glands from adenocarcinomas.

60
Q
A

Prostatic concretion. Helps to identify the prostate.

61
Q

Which part of the male reproductive tract does this histology slide depict? [1]

Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vas deferens
Epididymus
Seminiferous tubule

A

Which part of the male reproductive tract does this histology slide depict? [1]

Seminal vesicle Note the foldings of the mucosa,
Prostate
Vas deferens
Epididymus
Seminiferous tubule

62
Q
A

HD2 (55 decks)

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