HD2 Revision4 Flashcards
which part of the embryo is the area responsible for creation of m / f reproductive system? [1]
genital ridge
what is the name of for the loss of acrosome on sperm? [1]
where does this occur? [1]
capatication; in the female genital tract
the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?
nucleus ribosome SER golgi apparatus lysosome
the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?
nucleus ribosome SER **golgi apparatus** lysosome
which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?
K+ Na+ Cl- Ca2+ HCO3-
which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?
K+ Na+ Cl- **Ca2+** HCO3-
which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone
which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone
which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone
which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone
label A-C
A: corpus spongiosum
B: corpora cavernosa
C: Tunica albuginea
which of the following is A?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is A?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is B?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is B?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is C?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is C?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is D?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is D?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
where are the two areas which have clinical significance as this may be the first location fluid accumulates within the abdomen/pelvis if there is pathology [2]?
vesicouterine pouch
rectouterine pouch
Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous?
The foetus will be squashed
Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture
Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation
Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous?
The foetus will be squashed
Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture
Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation
The main risk of ectopic pregnancies are that ectopic sites (usually the Fallopian tube) cannot expand to the same extent as the uterus, and the site ruptures, resulting in extensive haemorrhage.
Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage? [2]
Uterine artery
Superior vesicular artery
Ovarian artery
Vaginal artery
Internal pudendal artery
Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage?
Uterine artery
Superior vesicular artery
Ovarian artery
Vaginal artery
Internal pudendal artery
label 1-7 xx
1: ureter
2. vas deferens
3: bladder
4: seminal vesicle
5: prostate
6: corpus cavernosum
7: corpuus spongiosum
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?
testosterone MIF DHT cHG LH
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?
testosterone MIF **DHT** cHG LH
name this structure [1]
bladder
name this structure [1]
external urethral sphincter
which of the following is the green?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which of the following is the green?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which of the following is the green?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which of the following is the green?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which hormone peaks at ovulation?
LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which hormone peaks at ovulation?
**LH** FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which hormone causes endometrial thickening?
LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which hormone causes corpus luteum formation?
**LH** FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?
LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?
LH **FSH** Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which of following is A?
LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which of following is A?
LH FSH **Oestrogen** Progesterone Testosterone
which of following is C?
LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which of following is C?
**LH** FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which of following is B?
LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which of following is B?
LH FSH Oestrogen **Progesterone** Testosterone
which of following is D?
LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
which of following is D?
LH **FSH** Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone
the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:
LH FSH oestrogen progesterone ADH
the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:
LH FSH oestrogen **progesterone** ADH
which hormone initiates milk production?
prolactin FSH oestrogen oxytocin progesterone
which hormone initiates milk production?
**prolactin** FSH oestrogen oxytocin progesterone
which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue? [2]
prolactin FSH oestrogen oxytocin progesterone
which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue?
prolactin FSH **oestrogen** oxytocin **progesterone**
lactogensis occurs by fall in ^^ levels
what happens during the menstrual cycle when FSH and LH fall? [1]
FSH and LH fall, the corpus luteum degenerates
Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in loss of progesterone production.
The subsequent falling level of progesterone triggers menstruation and the entire cycle begins again
which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?
A
B
C
which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?
A
B
C
which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?
A
B
C
which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?
A
B
C
which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?
A
B
C
which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?
A
B
C
combination of which two molecules induces spermatogenesis? [2]
testosterone and androgen binding protein
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates FSH & LH from AP
- LH stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells*
- •Main target of testosterone and pituitary FSH are Sertoli cells*
- •Sertoli cells then secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) and tubular fluid*
- •ABP binds to testosterone & carries it to area of seminiferous tubule where it stimulates spermatogenesis*
which of the following is the sertoli cell?
1 3 4 7 8
which of the following is the sertoli cell?
1 3 **4** 7 8
which of the following is the mature sperm?
1 3 4 7 8
which of the following is the mature sperm?
1 3 4 **7** 8
which cells form the blood-testis barrier?
sertoli cells
which cell types causes the increase in size of spiral arteries during placental development? [1]
explain how this occurs [2]
cytotrophoblasts (after invading through syncytiotrophoblasts)
replaces the endothelium and smooth muscle of the arteries with themselves (i.e. trophoblasts).
as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]
Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG as soon as implantation has occurred1
If fertilisation and implantation occurs:
- what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
- what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
If fertilisation and implantation occurs:
- what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
- *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG**
- what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
- *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -> turns into deicuda**
label A-C
A: oestrogen
B: progesterone
C: hCG
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
peaks at 8 weeks then drops
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
when hCG levels drop and cross over with progesterone - hCG is replaced by progestorone
what do the umbilical vein and arteries carry? [2]
The umbilical vein, coming back from the placenta, will be oxygenated and therefore red which is unlike veins
2 umbilical arteries which is the waste and CO2,etc from the baby being delivered to the placenta.
what are the different types of mesenchymal cells in male and female? [2]
male = **leydig cells** female = **stromal cells**
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?
testosterone MIF DHT cHG LH
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?
testosterone MIF **DHT** cHG LH
label A-D
A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique
which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?
ovary endometrium cervix fundus fallopian tube
which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?
**ovary** endometrium cervix fundus fallopian tube
label each stage of labour shown
- Engage
- Flex and descend
- Full dilatation
- Internal rotation then extension
- External rotation
- Expulsion
Major problems with development should be detected before the age of:
1 years 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Major problems with development should be detected before the age of:
1 years 2 years 3 years **4 years** 5 years
which muscle is highlighted here? [1]
piriformis
Which congenital heart defect can be identified in this image?
Patent foramen ovale
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
Which congenital heart defect can be identified in this image?
Patent foramen ovale
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
what is the cell indicated?
- mesothelial cell
- syncytiotrophoblast
- mesenchymal cell
- cytotrophoblast
- endothelial cell
- decidual cell
what is the cell indicated?
- mesothelial cell
2. syncytiotrophoblast - mesenchymal cell
- cytotrophoblast
- endothelial cell
6. decidual cell
which cells are indicated by the }
- pellucidal cells
- theca externa cells
- fibroblasts
- theca interna cells
- granulosa cells
- granulosa lutein cells 7. theca l
which cells are indicated by the }
- pellucidal cells
- theca externa cells
- fibroblasts
4. theca interna cells - granulosa cells
6. granulosa lutein cells - theca lutein cells
In the ovary, the first layer of stromal cells that organise around the growing follicle is called the Feedback: theca interna. These theca interna cells help to synthesise estrogens.
This is an organ of the male reproductive system. The structures cut in cross section here are lined by
acinar glandular epithelium
- germinal epithelium
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- stratified columnar epithelium
- stratified cuboidal epithelium
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- stratified squamous epithelium
This is an organ of the male reproductive system. The structures cut in cross section here are lined by
acinar glandular epithelium 2. germinal epithelium 3. simple cuboidal epithelium 4. stratified columnar epithelium 5. stratified cuboidal epithelium **6. pseudostratified columnar epithelium** 7. stratified squamous epithelium
This is a diagram of the mature placenta and associated maternal structures. What is indicated by A?
- chorion
- amnion
- stratum basalis of the endometrium
- decidua capsularis
- myometrium
- decidua basalis
This is a diagram of the mature placenta and associated maternal structures. What is indicated by A?
- chorion
- amnion
- stratum basalis of the endometrium
- decidua capsularis
- myometrium
* *6. decidua basalis
The decidua basalis is the maternal part of the placenta derived from the endometrial tissue where the embryo implanted.**
What is the name of the fetal shunt shown in the diagram?
- umbilical vein
- foramen ovale
- ductus venosus
- ductus ateriosus
- ligamentum teres
What is the name of the fetal shunt shown in the diagram?
- umbilical vein
2. foramen ovale - ductus venosus
- ductus ateriosus
5. ligamentum teres
what type of hernia is shown here?
Indirect inguinal hernia
- Direct inguinal hernia
- Femoral hernia
- Incisional hernia
- Congenital inguinal hernia
what type of hernia is shown here?
- Indirect inguinal hernia
2. Direct inguinal hernia - Femoral hernia
- Incisional hernia
5. Congenital inguinal hernia
In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, which of the labelled structures is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery?
C
D
E
F
H
In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, which of the labelled structures is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery?
C
D
E
F
H
**In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, the structure labelled F is an ovary and is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery.
The ovarian artery is the main arterial supply to the gonads in females.**
What is the structure labelled B?
Vas deferens
Prostate
Internal urethral orifice
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
What is the structure labelled B?
Vas deferens
Prostate
Internal urethral orifice
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
Which of the following relaxes pubic symphysis during labour?
Oxytocin
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Androstenedione
Vasopressin
Which of the following relaxes pubic symphysis during labour?
Oxytocin
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Androstenedione
Vasopressin
Venous blood from which structure is drained into A?
Right ovary
Right testicle
Left testicle
Right kidney
Spleen
Venous blood from which structure is drained into A?
Right ovary
Right testicle
Left testicle
Right kidney
Spleen
Venous blood from the left testicle is drained via the left testicular vein into the left renal vein.
However, the right testicular vein drains directly into the IVC, whereas the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein, before the IVC is reached. Compression of the left renal vein can thus impede venous blood drainage from the left testicle, possibly resulting in a varicocoele.
In this prosection of a female in the lithotomy position, identify A
A. perineal body B. bulbospongiosus C. greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland D. Cowper's gland E. crus of clitoris
A. perineal body B. bulbospongiosus **C. greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland** D. Cowper's gland E. crus of clitoris
Ovary: What type of follicle is labelled A?
1. Secondary (antral) 2. Primordial 3. Growing 4. Atretic 5. Primary 6. Graafian
Ovary: What type of follicle is labelled A?
1. Secondary (antral) 2. Primordial **3. Growing** 4. Atretic 5. Primary 6. Graafian
Having several layers of granulosa cells, this is a growing follicle. There
is no antrum.
What is A?
A. vas deferens B. ejaculatory duct C. testicular artery D. spermatic cord E. ilioinguinal nerve F. genitofemoral nerve
What is A?
**A. vas deferens** B. ejaculatory duct C. testicular artery D. spermatic cord E. ilioinguinal nerve F. genitofemoral nerve
Identify A on this lateral view of the penis and testes
A. epididymis B. external spermatic fascia C. Buck's fascia D. tunica vaginalis E. pampiniform (venous) plexus
Identify A on this lateral view of the penis and testes
**A. epididymis** B. external spermatic fascia C. Buck's fascia D. tunica vaginalis E. pampiniform (venous) plexus
In this diagram of a growing placenta (~21 days), the large black arrow indicates the
- Extraembryonic mesoderm
- Stratum basalis of the endometrium
- Decidua basalis
- Syncytiotrophoblast
- Trophoblastic lacuna
- Cytotrophoblast shell
In this diagram of a growing placenta (~21 days), the large black arrow indicates the
- Extraembryonic mesoderm
- Stratum basalis of the endometrium
- Decidua basalis
- Syncytiotrophoblast
- Trophoblastic lacuna
* *6. Cytotrophoblast shell**
What type of cell is indicated in this growing placental villus?
- Simple cuboidal epithelial cell
- Syncytiotrophoblast
- Erythrocyte
- Mesenchymal cell
- Cytotrophoblast
- Decidual cell
What type of cell is indicated in this growing placental villus?
- Simple cuboidal epithelial cell
- Syncytiotrophoblast
- Erythrocyte
- Mesenchymal cell
* *5. Cytotrophoblast** - Decidual cell
Cytotrophoblast cells extend out of the villus to form branches in the
lacunae and also when invading into the endometrium. The
cytotrophoblast cells are stained brown in this preparation. If in contact
with maternal blood, the surface becomes covered by
syncytiotrophoblast.
Testis: What cell is indicated by the arrows?
- Spermatocyte
- Spermatid
(late) - Spermatid
(early) - Spermatogonia
Testis: What cell is indicated by the arrows?
1. Spermatocyte
2. Spermatid
(late)
3. Spermatid
(early)
4. Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes are cells with large nuclei fairly close to the
bottom of the seminiferous tubule but above the spermatogonia (which
have more condensed nuclei).
Identify A
A. rectovesical pouch B. seminal vesicles C. epididymis D. prostate gland E. Cowper's gland F. urethra
Identify A
A. rectovesical pouch **B. seminal vesicles** C. epididymis D. prostate gland E. Cowper's gland F. urethra
What is A?
- left testicular vein
- ureter
- left testicular artery
- inferior mesenteric artery
- inferior mesenteric vein
What is A? **1. left testicular vein** 2. ureter 3. left testicular artery 4. inferior mesenteric artery 5. inferior mesenteric vein
what is A?
- ureter
- ovarian artery
- ovarian vein
- inferior mesenteric artery
- renal artery
what is A?
- *1. ureter**
2. ovarian artery
3. ovarian vein
4. inferior mesenteric artery
5. renal artery
What is A?
- sphincter urethrae
- prostate gland
- internal urethral sphincter
- bulbosponiosus
- detruser muscle
What is A? **1. sphincter urethrae** 2. prostate gland 3. internal urethral sphincter 4. bulbosponiosus 5. detruser muscle
What is the structure labelled A?
External iliac artery Lateral sacral artery Superior gluteal artery Inferior gluteal artery Internal iliac artery
What is the structure labelled A?
External iliac artery Lateral sacral artery Superior gluteal artery **Inferior gluteal artery** Internal iliac artery
Other labelled structures (in this image): A → Superior gluteal artery B → External iliac artery C → Lateral sacral artery D → Inferior gluteal artery E → Internal iliac artery
Which of the following hormones is responsible for maintaining this morphology?
LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone hCG
Which of the following hormones is responsible for maintaining this morphology?
LH FSH Oestrogen **Progesterone** hCG
Which of the following structures is affected by B9 deficiency?
A B C D E
Which of the following structures is affected by B9 deficiency?
**A** B C D E
