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HD2 > HD2 Revision4 > Flashcards

HD2 Revision4 Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the embryo is the area responsible for creation of m / f reproductive system? [1]

A

genital ridge

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2
Q

what is the name of for the loss of acrosome on sperm? [1]

where does this occur? [1]

A

capatication; in the female genital tract

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3
Q

the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?

nucleus
ribosome
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome
A

the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?

nucleus
ribosome
SER
**golgi apparatus**
lysosome
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4
Q

which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?

K+
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
HCO3-
A

which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?

K+
Na+
Cl-
**Ca2+**
HCO3-
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5
Q

which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

A

which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

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6
Q

which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

A

which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

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7
Q

label A-C

A

A: corpus spongiosum
B: corpora cavernosa
C: Tunica albuginea

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8
Q

which of the following is A?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament

A

which of the following is A?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
​broad ligament

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9
Q

which of the following is B?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament

A

which of the following is B?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
​broad ligament

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10
Q

which of the following is C?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament

A

which of the following is C?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
​broad ligament

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11
Q

which of the following is D?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament

A

which of the following is D?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
​broad ligament

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12
Q

where are the two areas which have clinical significance as this may be the first location fluid accumulates within the abdomen/pelvis if there is pathology [2]?

A

vesicouterine pouch
rectouterine pouch

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13
Q

Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous?

The foetus will be squashed
Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture
Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation

A

Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous?

The foetus will be squashed
Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture
Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation

The main risk of ectopic pregnancies are that ectopic sites (usually the Fallopian tube) cannot expand to the same extent as the uterus, and the site ruptures, resulting in extensive haemorrhage.

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14
Q

Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage? [2]

Uterine artery

Superior vesicular artery

Ovarian artery

Vaginal artery

Internal pudendal artery

A

Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage?

Uterine artery

Superior vesicular artery

Ovarian artery

Vaginal artery

Internal pudendal artery

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15
Q

label 1-7 xx

A

1: ureter
2. vas deferens
3: bladder
4: seminal vesicle
5: prostate
6: corpus cavernosum
7: corpuus spongiosum

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16
Q

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
​LH
A

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
**DHT**
cHG
​LH
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17
Q

name this structure [1]

A

bladder

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18
Q

name this structure [1]

A

external urethral sphincter

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19
Q

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

A

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

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20
Q

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

A

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

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21
Q

which hormone peaks at ovulation?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which hormone peaks at ovulation?

**LH**
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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22
Q

which hormone causes endometrial thickening?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which hormone causes corpus luteum formation?

**LH**
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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23
Q

which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?

LH
**FSH**
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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24
Q

which of following is A?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which of following is A?

LH
FSH
**Oestrogen**
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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25
Q

which of following is C?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which of following is C?

**LH**
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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26
Q

which of following is B?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which of following is B?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
**Progesterone**
​Testosterone
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27
Q

which of following is D?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which of following is D?

LH
**FSH**
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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28
Q

the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:

LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
​ADH
A

the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:

LH
FSH
oestrogen
**progesterone**
​ADH
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29
Q

which hormone initiates milk production?

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
A

which hormone initiates milk production?

**prolactin**
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
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30
Q

which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue? [2]

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
A

which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue?

prolactin
FSH
**oestrogen**
oxytocin
**progesterone**

lactogensis occurs by fall in ^^ levels

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31
Q

what happens during the menstrual cycle when FSH and LH fall? [1]

A

FSH and LH fall, the corpus luteum degenerates

Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in loss of progesterone production.

The subsequent falling level of progesterone triggers menstruation and the entire cycle begins again

32
Q

which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?

A
B
C

A

which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?

A
B
​C

33
Q

which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?

A
B
​C

A

which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?

A
B
​C

34
Q

which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?

A
B
C

A

which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?

A
B
C

35
Q

combination of which two molecules induces spermatogenesis? [2]

A

testosterone and androgen binding protein

    • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates FSH & LH from AP
  • LH stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells*
  • •Main target of testosterone and pituitary FSH are Sertoli cells*
  • •Sertoli cells then secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) and tubular fluid*
  • •ABP binds to testosterone & carries it to area of seminiferous tubule where it stimulates spermatogenesis*
36
Q

which of the following is the sertoli cell?

1
3
4
7
8
A

which of the following is the sertoli cell?

1
3
**4**
7
8
37
Q

which of the following is the mature sperm?

1
3
4
7
8
A

which of the following is the mature sperm?

1
3
4
**7**
8
38
Q

which cells form the blood-testis barrier?

A

sertoli cells

39
Q

which cell types causes the increase in size of spiral arteries during placental development? [1]

explain how this occurs [2]

A

cytotrophoblasts (after invading through syncytiotrophoblasts)

replaces the endothelium and smooth muscle of the arteries with themselves (i.e. trophoblasts).

40
Q

as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG as soon as implantation has occurred1

41
Q

If fertilisation and implantation occurs:

  • what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
  • what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
A

If fertilisation and implantation occurs:

  • what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
  • *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG**
  • what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
  • *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -> turns into deicuda**
42
Q

label A-C

A

A: oestrogen
B: progesterone
C: hCG

43
Q

describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]

A

describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
peaks at 8 weeks then drops

what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
when hCG levels drop and cross over with progesterone - hCG is replaced by progestorone

44
Q

what do the umbilical vein and arteries carry? [2]

A

The umbilical vein, coming back from the placenta, will be oxygenated and therefore red which is unlike veins

2 umbilical arteries which is the waste and CO2,etc from the baby being delivered to the placenta.

45
Q

what are the different types of mesenchymal cells in male and female? [2]

A 
male = **leydig cells**
female = **stromal cells**
46
Q

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
LH
A

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
**DHT**
cHG
LH
47
Q
A
48
Q

label A-D

A

A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique

49
Q

which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?

ovary
endometrium
cervix
fundus
fallopian tube
A

which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?

**ovary**
endometrium
cervix
fundus
fallopian tube
50
Q

label each stage of labour shown

A
  1. Engage
  2. Flex and descend
  3. Full dilatation
  4. Internal rotation then extension
  5. External rotation
  6. Expulsion
51
Q

Major problems with development should be detected before the age of:

1 years
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
A

Major problems with development should be detected before the age of:

1 years
2 years
3 years
**4 years**
5 years
52
Q

which muscle is highlighted here? [1]

A

piriformis

53
Q

Which congenital heart defect can be identified in this image?

Patent foramen ovale

Atrial septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus

Ventricular septal defect

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Which congenital heart defect can be identified in this image?

Patent foramen ovale

Atrial septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus

Ventricular septal defect

Tetralogy of Fallot

54
Q

what is the cell indicated?

  1. mesothelial cell
  2. syncytiotrophoblast
  3. mesenchymal cell
  4. cytotrophoblast
  5. endothelial cell
  6. decidual cell
A

what is the cell indicated?

  1. mesothelial cell
    2. syncytiotrophoblast
  2. mesenchymal cell
  3. cytotrophoblast
  4. endothelial cell
    ​6. decidual cell
55
Q

which cells are indicated by the }

  1. pellucidal cells
  2. theca externa cells
  3. fibroblasts
  4. theca interna cells
  5. granulosa cells
  6. granulosa lutein cells 7. theca l
A

which cells are indicated by the }

  1. pellucidal cells
  2. theca externa cells
  3. fibroblasts
    4. theca interna cells
  4. granulosa cells
    ​6. granulosa lutein cells
  5. theca lutein cells

In the ovary, the first layer of stromal cells that organise around the growing follicle is called the Feedback: theca interna. These theca interna cells help to synthesise estrogens.

56
Q

This is an organ of the male reproductive system. The structures cut in cross section here are lined by

acinar glandular epithelium

  1. germinal epithelium
  2. simple cuboidal epithelium
  3. stratified columnar epithelium
  4. stratified cuboidal epithelium
  5. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  6. stratified squamous epithelium
A

This is an organ of the male reproductive system. The structures cut in cross section here are lined by

acinar glandular epithelium
2. germinal epithelium
3. simple cuboidal epithelium
4. stratified columnar epithelium
5. stratified cuboidal epithelium
**6. pseudostratified columnar epithelium**
​7. stratified squamous epithelium
57
Q

This is a diagram of the mature placenta and associated maternal structures. What is indicated by A?

  1. chorion
  2. amnion
  3. stratum basalis of the endometrium
  4. decidua capsularis
  5. myometrium
  6. decidua basalis
A

This is a diagram of the mature placenta and associated maternal structures. What is indicated by A?

  1. chorion
  2. amnion
  3. stratum basalis of the endometrium
  4. decidua capsularis
  5. myometrium
    * *​6. decidua basalis

The decidua basalis is the maternal part of the placenta derived from the endometrial tissue where the embryo implanted.​**

58
Q

What is the name of the fetal shunt shown in the diagram?

  1. umbilical vein
  2. foramen ovale
  3. ductus venosus
  4. ductus ateriosus
  5. ligamentum teres
A

What is the name of the fetal shunt shown in the diagram?

  1. umbilical vein
    2. foramen ovale
  2. ductus venosus
  3. ductus ateriosus
    ​5. ligamentum teres
59
Q

what type of hernia is shown here?

Indirect inguinal hernia

  1. Direct inguinal hernia
  2. Femoral hernia
  3. Incisional hernia
  4. Congenital inguinal hernia
A

what type of hernia is shown here?

  1. Indirect inguinal hernia
    2. Direct inguinal hernia
  2. Femoral hernia
  3. Incisional hernia
    ​5. Congenital inguinal hernia
60
Q

In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, which of the labelled structures is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery?

C

D

E

F

H

A

In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, which of the labelled structures is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery?

C

D

E

F

H

**In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, the structure labelled F is an ovary and is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery.

The ovarian artery is the main arterial supply to the gonads in females.**

61
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

Vas deferens

Prostate

Internal urethral orifice

Ureter

Seminal vesicle

A

What is the structure labelled B?

Vas deferens

Prostate

Internal urethral orifice

Ureter

Seminal vesicle

62
Q

Which of the following relaxes pubic symphysis during labour?

Oxytocin

Oestrogen

Progesterone

Androstenedione

Vasopressin

A

Which of the following relaxes pubic symphysis during labour?

Oxytocin

Oestrogen

Progesterone

Androstenedione

Vasopressin

63
Q

Venous blood from which structure is drained into A?

Right ovary

Right testicle

Left testicle

Right kidney

Spleen

A

Venous blood from which structure is drained into A?

​Right ovary

Right testicle

Left testicle

Right kidney

Spleen

Venous blood from the left testicle is drained via the left testicular vein into the left renal vein.
However, the right testicular vein drains directly into the IVC, whereas the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein, before the IVC is reached. Compression of the left renal vein can thus impede venous blood drainage from the left testicle, possibly resulting in a varicocoele.​

64
Q

In this prosection of a female in the lithotomy position, identify A

A. perineal body
B. bulbospongiosus
C. greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland
D. Cowper's gland 
E. crus of clitoris
A 
A. perineal body
B. bulbospongiosus
**C. greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland**
D. Cowper's gland 
E. crus of clitoris
65
Q

Ovary: What type of follicle is labelled A?

1. Secondary
(antral)
2. Primordial
3. Growing 
4. Atretic
5. Primary
6. Graafian
A

Ovary: What type of follicle is labelled A?

1. Secondary
(antral)
2. Primordial
**3. Growing** 
4. Atretic
5. Primary
6. Graafian

Having several layers of granulosa cells, this is a growing follicle. There
is no antrum.

66
Q

What is A?

A. vas deferens
B. ejaculatory duct
C. testicular artery
D. spermatic cord
E. ilioinguinal nerve
F. genitofemoral nerve
A

What is A?

**A. vas deferens**
B. ejaculatory duct
C. testicular artery
D. spermatic cord
E. ilioinguinal nerve
F. genitofemoral nerve
67
Q

Identify A on this lateral view of the penis and testes

A. epididymis 
B. external spermatic fascia
C. Buck's fascia
D. tunica vaginalis
E. pampiniform (venous) plexus
A

Identify A on this lateral view of the penis and testes

**A. epididymis** 
B. external spermatic fascia
C. Buck's fascia
D. tunica vaginalis
E. pampiniform (venous) plexus
68
Q

In this diagram of a growing placenta (~21 days), the large black arrow indicates the

  1. Extraembryonic mesoderm
  2. Stratum basalis of the endometrium
  3. Decidua basalis
  4. Syncytiotrophoblast
  5. Trophoblastic lacuna
  6. Cytotrophoblast shell
A

In this diagram of a growing placenta (~21 days), the large black arrow indicates the

  1. Extraembryonic mesoderm
  2. Stratum basalis of the endometrium
  3. Decidua basalis
  4. Syncytiotrophoblast
  5. Trophoblastic lacuna
    * *6. Cytotrophoblast shell**
69
Q

What type of cell is indicated in this growing placental villus?

  1. Simple cuboidal epithelial cell
  2. Syncytiotrophoblast
  3. Erythrocyte
  4. Mesenchymal cell
  5. Cytotrophoblast
  6. Decidual cell
A

What type of cell is indicated in this growing placental villus?

  1. Simple cuboidal epithelial cell
  2. Syncytiotrophoblast
  3. Erythrocyte
  4. Mesenchymal cell
    * *5. Cytotrophoblast**
  5. Decidual cell

Cytotrophoblast cells extend out of the villus to form branches in the
lacunae and also when invading into the endometrium. The
cytotrophoblast cells are stained brown in this preparation. If in contact
with maternal blood, the surface becomes covered by
syncytiotrophoblast.

70
Q

Testis: What cell is indicated by the arrows?

  1. Spermatocyte
  2. Spermatid
    (late)
  3. Spermatid
    (early)
  4. Spermatogonia
A

Testis: What cell is indicated by the arrows?

1. Spermatocyte
2. Spermatid
(late)
3. Spermatid
(early)
4. Spermatogonia

Primary spermatocytes are cells with large nuclei fairly close to the
bottom of the seminiferous tubule but above the spermatogonia (which
have more condensed nuclei).

71
Q

Identify A

A. rectovesical pouch
B. seminal vesicles
C. epididymis
D. prostate gland
E. Cowper's gland
F. urethra
A

Identify A

A. rectovesical pouch
**B. seminal vesicles**
C. epididymis
D. prostate gland
E. Cowper's gland
F. urethra
72
Q

What is A?

  1. left testicular vein
  2. ureter
  3. left testicular artery
  4. inferior mesenteric artery
  5. inferior mesenteric vein
A 
What is A?
​
 **1. left testicular vein**
 2. ureter
 3. left testicular artery
 4. inferior mesenteric artery
 5. inferior mesenteric vein
73
Q

what is A?

  1. ureter
  2. ovarian artery
  3. ovarian vein
  4. inferior mesenteric artery
  5. renal artery
A

what is A?

  • *1. ureter**
    2. ovarian artery
    3. ovarian vein
    4. inferior mesenteric artery
    5. renal artery
74
Q

What is A?

  1. sphincter urethrae
  2. prostate gland
  3. internal urethral sphincter
  4. bulbosponiosus
  5. detruser muscle
A 
What is A?
​
 **1. sphincter urethrae**
 2. prostate gland
 3. internal urethral sphincter
 4. bulbosponiosus
 5. detruser muscle
75
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

External iliac artery
Lateral sacral artery
Superior gluteal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Internal iliac artery
A

What is the structure labelled A?

External iliac artery
Lateral sacral artery
Superior gluteal artery
**Inferior gluteal artery**
Internal iliac artery
Other labelled structures (in this image):
A → Superior gluteal artery 
B → External iliac artery 
C → Lateral sacral artery 
D → Inferior gluteal artery 
E → Internal iliac artery
76
Q

Which of the following hormones is responsible for maintaining this morphology?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
hCG
A

Which of the following hormones is responsible for maintaining this morphology?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
**Progesterone**
hCG
77
Q

Which of the following structures is affected by B9 deficiency?

A
B
C
D
E
A

Which of the following structures is affected by B9 deficiency?

**A**
B
C
D
​E

HD2 (55 decks)

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