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HD2 > Common childhood infections: Bacteria > Flashcards

Common childhood infections: Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Name two bacteria that cause harm via their exotoxins [2]

A

Diphtheria: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Cholera: Virbrio cholerae

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2
Q

Describe how Vibrio cholera causes diarrhoea by the exotoxin produced by the pathogen

A

Induces diarrhoea by:
- A-B toxin
- A part activates cell’s G-protein, modifies G-protein and keeps it in active state
- causes more and more production of adenylate cyclase: causes more cAMP
- this stimulates CFTR channel to have more Cl- leave cell: imbalance of electrolytes
- water follows Cl- and electrolytes
- causes severe d

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3
Q

Describe pathophysiology caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

  • What process does the A-B subunit inhbit? [1]
  • What are the pathological consequences for the heart [2] & nerves? [3]
  • What structural change occurs in mouth? [1]
A

Diphtheria toxin: A and B subunits inhibits protein synthesis:

Heart implications:
- Myocarditis
- Heart block

Nerve implications:
- Difficulty swallowing
- Paralysis
- Diplopia

Get pseudomembrane in mouth

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4
Q

What are symptoms of infection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection [3]

A

Symptoms:
- Sore throat
- Fever
- Pseudomembrane (grey membrane at back of throat: obstructs resp. tract)

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5
Q

What are the three cocci gram +ve organsims need to know? [3]

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

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6
Q

Which part of the LPS membrane of bacteria is toxic? [1]

When is this released? [1]

A

Lipid A

Released during lysis of organsim

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7
Q

Meningococcal disease describes infections caused by the bacterium []

A

Meningococcal disease describes infections caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis

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8
Q

Which two molecules are activated by LPS that cause inflammatory cascade for meningococcal disease? [2]

A

IL-6
TNF-α

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9
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of meningococcal disease

A
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10
Q

What is the definiton of fever? [1]

How do the following differ from rectal temp [3]

  • Ear
  • Mouth
  • Armpit
A

Temperature > 38oC

Ear: similar to rectal
Mouth: 0.5 lower than rectal
Armpit: 1 degree lower

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11
Q

Why do babies under 3 months get thoroughly teseted (blood tests, lumbar puncture, and x-rays) if have a fever? [2]

A

High suspicion of index because need to rule out sepsis and meningitis

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12
Q

Name three most common causes of septicaemia and meningitis [3]

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis
* Group B and C
* Increase in Group W since 2009
* Teenagers, university students

Haemophilus influenzae B (HiB)

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13
Q

Why are young infants so vulnerable to infection? [1]

A

Young infants are not fully vaccinated – why they’re still vulnerable

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14
Q

Which vaccines are administered at 8 weeks old?

A

Diptheria, Tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, Haemiphilus influenzae type B & and Hep B

Meningococcoal group B

Rotavirus (gastroenteritis)

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15
Q

Which vaccines are administered at 12 weeks old?

A

Diptheria, Tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, Haemiphilus influenzae type B & and Hep B

Pneuomococcal

Rotavirus

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16
Q

Which vaccines are administered at 16 weeks old?

A

Diptheria, Tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, Haemiphilus influenzae type B & and Hep B

MenB

17
Q

Which vaccines are administered at 1 year old? [6]

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B, MenC

Pneumococcal

MMR

Men B

18
Q

What are the three cocci gram +ve organsims need to know? [3]

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

19
Q

Which of the following causes “Pneumococcus”

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

20
Q

What are the four bacilli gram +ve organsims need to know? [3]

A

Corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacillus: cereus (food pois); anthracis (anthrax)
Clostridium: tetani botulinum, difficile

21
Q

Which of the following is anaerobic?

Bacillus
Listeria
Clostridium
Corynebacterium

A

Which of the following is anaerobic?

Bacillus
Listeria
Clostridium
Corynebacterium

22
Q

Describe what would indicate on a gram stain that have a Streptococcus pneumoniae infection? [1]

A

Diplococci (come in pairs)

23
Q

What are the three cocci gram +ve organsims need to know? [3]

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

24
Q

Explain three immune defects that could predispose an individual to an pneuomococcal infection [3]

A
  • HIV infection
  • Hypogammaglobulinaemia (low levels of IgG due to B cells not being able to mature)
  • Absent / non-functional spleen
25
Q

Give three reasons for an absent / non-functional spleen [3]

A

Congenital asplenia
Traumatic removal
Hyposplenism (eg sickle cell)

26
Q

Describe pathophysiology of pneuomococcal infection causing otitis media

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae first colonizes the mucosal surface of the human nasopharynx and can then infect the middle ear cavity via the Eustachian tubes

Eustachian tube is more horizontal in children

Easier to move from back of throat to middle ear

Presents as bulging tympanic membrane

If don’t treat then tympanic membrane will rupture and pus comes out ear

27
Q

Name two rheumatological implications of pneuomococcal pneuomonia infection

A

Osteomyelitis (inflammation in a bone and bone marrow, usually caused by bacterial infection)

Septic arthritis

28
Q

Name 4 invasive features of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

A
  • Meningitis
  • Sepsis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Septic arthritis
  • Peritonitis
  • Lobar pneumonia
  • Empyema
29
Q

Name the two most common presentations of Pneumococcal pneumonia [2]

A
  1. Lobar pneuomonia
  2. Empyema (a serious complication characterized by pus and bacteria in the pleural)
30
Q

How would you manage empyema caused by pneuomococcal pneuomonia? [2]

A

Chest drain
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)

31
Q

Name the two vaccinations for Streptococcus pneumoniae [2] and how many serotypes they protect agaisnt [2]

A

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV): Penuomax - covers 23 serotypes

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV): Prevenar protects against 13 serotypes

32
Q

Which pathogen causes A? [1]

A

Corynebacterium dipetheria

33
Q

Which pathogen cauese this symptom? [1]

A

Neisseria meningitidis - septic patient

34
Q

What is the most common cause of lobal pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

HD2 (55 decks)

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