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HD2 > Age related changes III > Flashcards

Age related changes III Flashcards

1
Q

Which NT affects neuronal system which changes with age? [1]

A

Serotonin system changes

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2
Q

Where is 90% of serotonin found in the body? [1]

A

Carried in gut

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3
Q

Name 5 peripheral effects of decreased serotonin levels due to old age [5]

A
  • Increased Pain - associated with fibromyalgia
  • Less effective coagulation
  • Less gut motility
  • Decreased vascular tone
  • Reduced libido
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4
Q

Name 5 central effects of decreased serotonin levels due to old age [5]

A
  • Depression
    • Sleep: longer to fall asleep and reduced total time spent sleeping
  • Anxiety
  • Agression
  • Food intake
  • Slowed neuronal transmission
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5
Q

How can you increase serotonin production? [1]

A

30 mins of exercise, 5x a week induces serotonin production

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6
Q

Effects of ageing on the visual system

What type of eye sightedness do you develop in old age? [1] Why? [1]

A

Presbyopia (farsightedness) due to continuous growth & hardening of the lenses

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7
Q

Effects of ageing on the visual system

What happens to the size of the pupil with age? [1]

What consequence does this have for eye sight? [1]

A

Size of the pupil decreases with age:
Focusing becomes less accurate

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8
Q

Effects of ageing on the visual system

What happens to the colour of the lens? [1]

which colours are consequently harder to see? [2]

A

Lens becomes yellow

Harder to see red and green

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9
Q

Why are you likely to get dry eyes in old age? [1]

A

lacrimal gland reduced function

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10
Q

Why does the liver become less efficient with age? [1]

A

Accumulation of lipofuscin (brown atrophy) in hepatocytes: hepatocytes less efficient

(Lipofuscin yellow-brown pigment composed of lipid containing residues from lysomal digestion)

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11
Q

Which enzymes decreae in the liver? [1]

What effect does this have physiologically? [1]

A

Decline in P450 enzymes with age

Causes altered metabolic clearance of certain drugs

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12
Q

Effects of ageing on the immune system:

Describe the physiological changes caused to neutrophils duet to ageing [3]

A
  • Decreased chemotaxis
  • Decreased phagocytosis
  • Decreased free radical production
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13
Q

Effects of ageing on the immune system

Describe the changes to phagocytes seen with increased age [2]

A
  • Increase in CD16+ pro-inflammatory population
  • Decrease phagocytic ability and less free radicals
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14
Q

Effects of ageing on the immune system

Dendritic cells:

Which anti-inflammatory cytokines are produced less of? [1]

Which TLR subpopulations are decreased? [2]

A

Make less IL12 (anti-inflammatory cytokine)

Decrease in TLR-7 and TLR-9 subpopulations

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15
Q

Effects of ageing on the immune system

Natural killer cells
have a preserved production of [] ? [1]

Natural killer cells have a decline in [] production [1]

A

Natural killer cells:

  • Preserved production of IFN-ϒ
  • decline in chemokine production

(overall function of NK cells decreases, despite increase in number)

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16
Q

Which of following increases with age

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells

A

Which of following increases with age

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells - but decline in function

17
Q

Effects of ageing on the immune system

What happens to cell & humoral reponses with age [1]

A

Cell mediated responses decrease

Humoral responses decrease

18
Q

Describe changes seen to T-cell (CD8 & CD4) & B-cell function? [3]

A

T cells
- CD8+ cells: expansion of CD28 cells
- CD4+ cells: differentiate into TH17 cells

B -cells:
* Reduced antibody production

19
Q

Overall change in immune system? [1]

A

Move to an inflammatory environment: increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines

20
Q

Effects of ageing on the gastrointestinal system

What changes to oral cavity occur with age? [1]

A

Xerostomia (dry mouth)

21
Q

Effects of ageing on the gastrointestinal system

Specifically which parts of taste are lost with age? [2]

A

Loss of sweet and salty more than bitter and sour, umami

22
Q

Effects of ageing on the gastrointestinal system

What physiological & anatomical changes to stomach occur?

A
  • Gastric muscular atrophies
  • Gastric mucosa thins
  • Submucosa is infiltrated with elastic fibres (replaces SMC)
  • Gastric secretion decreases
  • Gastric emptying slows
23
Q

Effects of ageing on the gastrointestinal system

What happens to pH with age? [1]

Explain your answer [2]

A

pH increases:

Latent H.pylori infection which results in gastric mucosal atrophy and loss of acid producing parietal cells

24
Q

Why does change of stomach pH with age cause an increase in anaemia? [1]

A

Increase in pH decreases release of vit. B12 from food

80% of elderly are vit. B12 deficient

25
Q

Effects of ageing on the gastrointestinal system

Expalin why constipation and fecal incontinence is common with increased age [4]

A
  • Slowed circulation
  • reduced thirst
  • lessened activity
  • decreased tone in stomach and intestines slow peristalsis
26
Q

Effects of ageing on the gastrointestinal system

The decrease in pancreatic and gastric enzymes impedes the absoprtion of which vitamins and minerals? [4]

A
  • Vitamin D
  • calcium
  • iron
  • folic acid
27
Q

Effects of ageing on the endocrine system:

Which hormones are decreased with age? [3]

A
  • Glucose tolerance decreases
  • Production of sex hormones decreases (Testosterone decreases less than oestrogen and progesterone)
  • Growth hormone
28
Q

Effects of ageing on the endocrine system:

Which hormones increase with age? [2]

A

Cortisol
Insulin

29
Q

Which endocrine systems are most effected by old age? [3]

A

Glucose homeostasis
Reproductive function
Calcium metabolism

30
Q

What is the physiological consequence of decreased GH with age? [1]

A

decreased muscle mass and exercise capacity (& to sarcopenia)

31
Q

Describe why age spots occur on skin with old age [1]

A

Melanocytes decline in some areas, the remaining ones may become overactive (especially on sun exposed skin)

32
Q

Describe changes to skin exhibited by old age [5]

A
  • Reduced elasticity
  • Thinner skin plus blood vessels in dermis more fragile = easily bruised
  • Sebaceous gland less active
  • Less subcutaneous fat
  • Sweat glands less active
33
Q

Define sarcopenia [1]

A

Sarcopenia has been defined as an age related, involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

34
Q

Liver histology

What is the arrow pointing at? [1]

A

Lipofuscin (age pigment) is a brown-yellow, electron-dense, autofluorescent material that accumulates progressively over time in lysosomes of postmitotic cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes

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