Immune System III Flashcards
B lymphocytes, making antibodies
humoral
T lymphocytes, two subdivisons
cellular
type of T lymphocyte
in all cells
any cell can do this
cytotoxic T cells (killer)
initiated by phagocytes
type 1 diabetes is a problem with these
Helper T cells
how do cytotoxic cells work
they bind to MHC presentations of self and anti self and proligerate
how do cytotoxic cells attack viral infected and cancerous cells
with perforins
“punch” holes in the cells with infection
killer T cell mechanism
why are Helper T cells so important
they are central to stimulating both humoral and cell mediated immunitiy
how do Helper T cells work
don’t kill infection themselves
help fully “turn on” other immune defenses by chemical signals (activates B and cytotoxic T cells)
what is a virus that attacks Helper T cells
AIDS
this is 10% of diabetes in the US
aka juvenile onset
Type 1 diabetes
what is an autoimmune disease
immune system makes a mistake and attacks own cells(self)
usually a specific type of cell
what occurs in Type 1 diabetes
beta cells of pancreas that make insulin are marked as foreign and attacked
causes lack of sufficient insulin
is Type 1 diabetes reversible?
no, insulin dependent for the rest of their lives
what causes Type 1 diabetes?
insulin attacking Helper T cells
stimulates B-cells to make antibodies that attack cells that produce insulin
this is 90% of diabetes in the US
Type 2 diabetes
what occurs in Type 2 diabetes
body makes sufficient insulin
body’s cells have become resistant to insulin
(doesn’t have appropriate response)
what is Type 2 diabetes also known as
adult on-set due to being overweight and inactive
is Type 2 diabetes reversible?
if patient exercises and gets healthy(eating)
what does elevated blood sugar levels sometimes insinuate
hyperglycemia
how does hyperglycemia work
extremely high levels of blood sugar but does not go into cells
as a result, cells are starving as food cannot get to them
describe hyperphagia
high levels of eating(driven to eat food)
cells aren’t getting enough food
body tells them to eat more
describe polydipsia
extremely thirsty
driven to drink a lot
describe ployuria
pee a lot
urinate in huge volume due to osmosis
pulls water with glucose as it goes through renal tubule
what is glucouria
glucose in urine
exceed transport in kidneys
what are the symptoms of untreated diabetes
hyperglycemia, hyperphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, glucouria
what is the transport maximum
greatest amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed
what occurs in the PCT of a patient with type 2 diabetes
run out of co transports for glucose
still glucose in the filtrate, so it goes into the urine if there are no more co transports(saturated)
what is the short term diagnosis for determining whether someone has diabetes
glucose tolerance test
what is the fasting blood glucose of a healthy individual versus a diabetic individual
healthy: < 100 mg/dl
diabetic: > 100 mg/dl
is the long term or short term test more accurate
long term, its better
what is the long term test
advanced glycation end products(AGEs)
describe the AGEs test
accumulate with age
proteins with glucose attached
higher in diabetics
glycated hemoglobin
what is the lifespan of hemoglobin
3 months
what is glycated hemoglobin
HbA1C they indicate they’ve been damaged by sugar
what does a healthy person have a blood sugar level of over 3 months
97 mg/dl and HbA1C at 5%
what does a pre-diabetic person have a blood sugar level of over 3 months
“still healthy”
126 mg/dl and HbA1C at 6%
what does a diabetic person have a blood sugar level of over 3 months
154 mg/dl and HbA1C at 7%
what does someone with bad diabetes have a blood sugar level of over 3 months
183 mg/dl and HbA1C at 8%
