Immune System III

Question 1

B lymphocytes, making antibodies

Answer 1

humoral

Question 2

T lymphocytes, two subdivisons

Answer 2

cellular

Question 3

type of T lymphocyte
in all cells
any cell can do this

Answer 3

cytotoxic T cells (killer)

Question 4

initiated by phagocytes

type 1 diabetes is a problem with these

Answer 4

Helper T cells

Question 5

how do cytotoxic cells work

Answer 5

they bind to MHC presentations of self and anti self and proligerate

Question 6

how do cytotoxic cells attack viral infected and cancerous cells

Answer 6

with perforins
“punch” holes in the cells with infection
killer T cell mechanism

Question 7

why are Helper T cells so important

Answer 7

they are central to stimulating both humoral and cell mediated immunitiy

Question 8

how do Helper T cells work

Answer 8

don’t kill infection themselves

help fully “turn on” other immune defenses by chemical signals (activates B and cytotoxic T cells)

Question 9

what is a virus that attacks Helper T cells

Answer 9

AIDS

Question 10

this is 10% of diabetes in the US

aka juvenile onset

Answer 10

Type 1 diabetes

Question 11

what is an autoimmune disease

Answer 11

immune system makes a mistake and attacks own cells(self)

usually a specific type of cell

Question 12

what occurs in Type 1 diabetes

Answer 12

beta cells of pancreas that make insulin are marked as foreign and attacked
causes lack of sufficient insulin

Question 13

is Type 1 diabetes reversible?

Answer 13

no, insulin dependent for the rest of their lives

Question 14

what causes Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 14

insulin attacking Helper T cells

stimulates B-cells to make antibodies that attack cells that produce insulin

Question 15

this is 90% of diabetes in the US

Answer 15

Type 2 diabetes

Question 16

what occurs in Type 2 diabetes

Answer 16

body makes sufficient insulin
body’s cells have become resistant to insulin
(doesn’t have appropriate response)

Question 17

what is Type 2 diabetes also known as

Answer 17

adult on-set due to being overweight and inactive

Question 18

is Type 2 diabetes reversible?

Answer 18

if patient exercises and gets healthy(eating)

Question 19

what does elevated blood sugar levels sometimes insinuate

Answer 19

hyperglycemia

Question 20

how does hyperglycemia work

Answer 20

extremely high levels of blood sugar but does not go into cells
as a result, cells are starving as food cannot get to them

Question 21

describe hyperphagia

Answer 21

high levels of eating(driven to eat food)
cells aren’t getting enough food
body tells them to eat more

Question 22

describe polydipsia

Answer 22

extremely thirsty

driven to drink a lot

Question 23

describe ployuria

Answer 23

pee a lot
urinate in huge volume due to osmosis
pulls water with glucose as it goes through renal tubule

Question 24

what is glucouria

Answer 24

glucose in urine

exceed transport in kidneys

Question 25

what are the symptoms of untreated diabetes

Answer 25

hyperglycemia, hyperphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, glucouria

Question 26

what is the transport maximum

Answer 26

greatest amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed

Question 27

what occurs in the PCT of a patient with type 2 diabetes

Answer 27

run out of co transports for glucose

still glucose in the filtrate, so it goes into the urine if there are no more co transports(saturated)

Question 28

what is the short term diagnosis for determining whether someone has diabetes

Answer 28

glucose tolerance test

Question 29

what is the fasting blood glucose of a healthy individual versus a diabetic individual

Answer 29

healthy: < 100 mg/dl
diabetic: > 100 mg/dl

Question 30

is the long term or short term test more accurate

Answer 30

long term, its better

Question 31

what is the long term test

Answer 31

advanced glycation end products(AGEs)

Question 32

describe the AGEs test

Answer 32

accumulate with age
proteins with glucose attached
higher in diabetics
glycated hemoglobin

Question 33

what is the lifespan of hemoglobin

Answer 33

3 months

Question 34

what is glycated hemoglobin

Answer 34

HbA1C they indicate they’ve been damaged by sugar

Question 35

what does a healthy person have a blood sugar level of over 3 months

Answer 35

97 mg/dl and HbA1C at 5%

Question 36

what does a pre-diabetic person have a blood sugar level of over 3 months

Answer 36

“still healthy”

126 mg/dl and HbA1C at 6%

Question 37

what does a diabetic person have a blood sugar level of over 3 months

Answer 37

154 mg/dl and HbA1C at 7%

Question 38

what does someone with bad diabetes have a blood sugar level of over 3 months

Answer 38

183 mg/dl and HbA1C at 8%