Digestion 1

Question 1

what are other names for the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 1

alimentary canal and gut and GI tract

Question 2

where does the gastrointestinal tract go from

Answer 2

mouth to the anus

Question 3

what is the function of the accessory organs

Answer 3

secrete into the GI tract

Question 4

where are the accessory organs

Answer 4

adjacent to the GI organs

Question 5

what secretes saliva

Answer 5

tongue, parotid gland, sublingual gland

Question 6

what secretes bile

Answer 6

liver and gallbladder

Question 7

what makes digestive enzymes

Answer 7

pancreas

Question 8

what is vestiual (not in use)

Answer 8

appendix

Question 9

what is the main function of digestion

Answer 9

systematic disassembly

Question 10

what re the three macronutrients

Answer 10

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Question 11

what are carbohydrates broken down into

Answer 11

sugars

Question 12

what are lipids broken down into

Answer 12

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 13

what are proteins broken down into

Answer 13

amino acids

Question 14

what must happen to macronutrients

Answer 14

they need to be broken down into the smallest building blocks to be absorbed

Question 15

what are the only things that have co-transports

Answer 15

things that are absorbed(like urinary)

Question 16

what happens to things that are not broken down

Answer 16

they are defecated out

Question 17

what is putting food in mouth

Answer 17

ingestion

Question 18

what is the breaking down of big chunks into smaller particles

Answer 18

mechanical digestion

Question 19

what requires no chemical change and is the chewing and stomach churning

Answer 19

mechanical digestion

Question 20

propelling of particles down the GI tract

Answer 20

propulsion

Question 21

breaking down particles to the smallest building block

Answer 21

chemical digestion

Question 22

taking nutrients from the lumen into the lymph/tissues

Answer 22

absorption

Question 23

what is the gut brain

Answer 23

intrinsic nerve plexuses

Question 24

what reacts without input from the brain(makes own decisions)

Answer 24

intrinsic nerve plexuses

Question 25

what is digestive activity regulated by

Answer 25

long and short neural reflexes and hormones

Question 26

what are the three receptors that aid the gut brain

Answer 26

osmoreceptors(salt), mechanoreceptors(stretch), chemoreceptors(chemo)

Question 27

describe the short reflexes

Answer 27

stays in the gut makes a local decision and sends out signal to smooth muscle ex/starts contraction and secreting of juices

Question 28

describe the long reflexes

Answer 28

goes up to the brain and back inputs make stomach realize there is food sends afferent stimulates secretion and digestion

Question 29

what has the second most amount of neurotransmitters in the body

Answer 29

gut

Question 30

what allows autoregulation to happen

Answer 30

short reflexes

Question 31

what is not involved in digestion because they are too slow

Answer 31

steroids

Question 32

stretching of any part of the digestion tract _______ upstream processes and _______ downstream processes

Answer 32

slows;stimulates

Question 33

what is accelerated propulsion | gets things out(defecate) and clears the way for food

Answer 33

large intestinal peristalsis

Question 34

what stimulates large intestinal peristalsis

Answer 34

gastric decension

Question 35

what happens once the small intestine is full

Answer 35

the rate of the stomach emptying is slowed down

Question 36

what relays the information that the small intestine is full

Answer 36

gut brain

Question 37

what can override digestion(gut brain)

Answer 37

cognitive centers of brain

Question 38

what anti-infection things are contained in saliva

Answer 38

antibodies, lysozyme, defensins, and amylase

Question 39

what percent of saliva is water

Answer 39

99%

Question 40

what is one of the functions of saliva

Answer 40

minimize infection

Question 41

describe amylase

Answer 41

enzyme of carbohydrate digestion | the longer food is in mouth, more you can break it down(ritz cracker becomes sweet)

Question 42

what mechanically breaks down food

Answer 42

mouth

Question 43

what is food propelled through the ailmentary canal by

Answer 43

peristalsis

Question 44

what is food mixed by as it goes through the ailmentary canal

Answer 44

segmentation

Question 45

what is a chunck of swallowed food moving though the gut

Answer 45

bolus

Question 46

how does bolus enter the stomach

Answer 46

gastroesophageal sphincter

Question 47

what is the function of the stomach

Answer 47

acts to grind

Question 48

what is the shape of the stomach and why

Answer 48

J shaped and has greater and lesser curvatures

Question 49

how many layers of the GI tract

Answer 49

4

Question 50

what looks like the brain physically grinds food into particles is a modification of the interior layer of stomach

Answer 50

rugae

Question 51

what is a stomach growl

Answer 51

rugae moving together

Question 52

what makes stomach better at digestion(stronger)

Answer 52

oblique layer

Question 53

what does the stomach have

Answer 53

specialized secreted cells

Question 54

what are the layers of the GI tract

Answer 54

serosa-muscularis externa-submucosa-mucosa

Question 55

what is microscopic and creates surface area for partially digested food to contact interior lining of stomach (epithelial cells)

Answer 55

gastric pits

Question 56

further down(deeper) modified gastric pits

Answer 56

gastric glands

Question 57

what is the pH of the stomach

Answer 57

acidic

Question 58

what is in the gastric pit to prevent acid from getting in and touching the cells(or at the very least, neutralize it)

Answer 58

olkaline mucus

Question 59

what is acidic mucus with an unknown function

Answer 59

mucus neck cells

Question 60

HCl-down to pH2

Answer 60

parietal cells

Question 61

make pepsinogen (chemically break apart proteins)

Answer 61

chief cells

Question 62

hormonal stimulates: gastrin, CCK, histamine

Answer 62

enteroendocrine cells

Question 63

what is the most important enteroendocrine cell because it turns on digestive processes

Answer 63

gastrin

Question 64

what is an enteroendocrine cell that is local to stimulate acid production

Answer 64

histamine

Question 65

where is mechanical digestion mostly completed

Answer 65

stomach

Question 66

what does the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach lead to

Answer 66

individual amino acids-simplest building blocks

Question 67

what stimulates parietal cells to make HCl during chemical digestion

Answer 67

gastrin

Question 68

what straightens protein(makes it flat during chemical digestion )

Answer 68

decreased pH

Question 69

what is the purpose of straightening the protein in chemical digestion

Answer 69

allows bonds to be accessed by enzymes

Question 70

what is pepsinogen brokes into/become

Answer 70

pepsin

Question 71

what is prpsin

Answer 71

enzyme of protein digestion

Question 72

what does pepsin do during chemical digestion

Answer 72

breaks bonds between amino acids so they can become individual amino acids