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Anatomy 2 > Digestion 1 > Flashcards

Digestion 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are other names for the gastrointestinal tract

A

alimentary canal and gut and GI tract

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2
Q

where does the gastrointestinal tract go from

A

mouth to the anus

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3
Q

what is the function of the accessory organs

A

secrete into the GI tract

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4
Q

where are the accessory organs

A

adjacent to the GI organs

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5
Q

what secretes saliva

A

tongue, parotid gland, sublingual gland

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6
Q

what secretes bile

A

liver and gallbladder

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7
Q

what makes digestive enzymes

A

pancreas

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8
Q

what is vestiual (not in use)

A

appendix

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9
Q

what is the main function of digestion

A

systematic disassembly

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10
Q

what re the three macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

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11
Q

what are carbohydrates broken down into

A

sugars

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12
Q

what are lipids broken down into

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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13
Q

what are proteins broken down into

A

amino acids

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14
Q

what must happen to macronutrients

A

they need to be broken down into the smallest building blocks to be absorbed

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15
Q

what are the only things that have co-transports

A

things that are absorbed(like urinary)

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16
Q

what happens to things that are not broken down

A

they are defecated out

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17
Q

what is putting food in mouth

A

ingestion

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18
Q

what is the breaking down of big chunks into smaller particles

A

mechanical digestion

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19
Q

what requires no chemical change and is the chewing and stomach churning

A

mechanical digestion

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20
Q

propelling of particles down the GI tract

A

propulsion

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21
Q

breaking down particles to the smallest building block

A

chemical digestion

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22
Q

taking nutrients from the lumen into the lymph/tissues

A

absorption

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23
Q

what is the gut brain

A

intrinsic nerve plexuses

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24
Q

what reacts without input from the brain(makes own decisions)

A

intrinsic nerve plexuses

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25
Q

what is digestive activity regulated by

A

long and short neural reflexes and hormones

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26
Q

what are the three receptors that aid the gut brain

A

osmoreceptors(salt), mechanoreceptors(stretch), chemoreceptors(chemo)

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27
Q

describe the short reflexes

A

stays in the gut
makes a local decision and sends out signal to smooth muscle
ex/starts contraction and secreting of juices

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28
Q

describe the long reflexes

A

goes up to the brain and back
inputs make stomach realize there is food
sends afferent
stimulates secretion and digestion

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29
Q

what has the second most amount of neurotransmitters in the body

A

gut

30
Q

what allows autoregulation to happen

A

short reflexes

31
Q

what is not involved in digestion because they are too slow

A

steroids

32
Q

stretching of any part of the digestion tract _______ upstream processes and _______ downstream processes

A

slows;stimulates

33
Q

what is accelerated propulsion

gets things out(defecate) and clears the way for food

A

large intestinal peristalsis

34
Q

what stimulates large intestinal peristalsis

A

gastric decension

35
Q

what happens once the small intestine is full

A

the rate of the stomach emptying is slowed down

36
Q

what relays the information that the small intestine is full

A

gut brain

37
Q

what can override digestion(gut brain)

A

cognitive centers of brain

38
Q

what anti-infection things are contained in saliva

A

antibodies, lysozyme, defensins, and amylase

39
Q

what percent of saliva is water

A

99%

40
Q

what is one of the functions of saliva

A

minimize infection

41
Q

describe amylase

A

enzyme of carbohydrate digestion

the longer food is in mouth, more you can break it down(ritz cracker becomes sweet)

42
Q

what mechanically breaks down food

A

mouth

43
Q

what is food propelled through the ailmentary canal by

A

peristalsis

44
Q

what is food mixed by as it goes through the ailmentary canal

A

segmentation

45
Q

what is a chunck of swallowed food moving though the gut

A

bolus

46
Q

how does bolus enter the stomach

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

47
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

acts to grind

48
Q

what is the shape of the stomach and why

A

J shaped and has greater and lesser curvatures

49
Q

how many layers of the GI tract

A

4

50
Q

what looks like the brain
physically grinds food into particles
is a modification of the interior layer of stomach

A

rugae

51
Q

what is a stomach growl

A

rugae moving together

52
Q

what makes stomach better at digestion(stronger)

A

oblique layer

53
Q

what does the stomach have

A

specialized secreted cells

54
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract

A

serosa-muscularis externa-submucosa-mucosa

55
Q

what is microscopic and creates surface area for partially digested food to contact interior lining of stomach (epithelial cells)

A

gastric pits

56
Q

further down(deeper) modified gastric pits

A

gastric glands

57
Q

what is the pH of the stomach

A

acidic

58
Q

what is in the gastric pit to prevent acid from getting in and touching the cells(or at the very least, neutralize it)

A

olkaline mucus

59
Q

what is acidic mucus with an unknown function

A

mucus neck cells

60
Q

HCl-down to pH2

A

parietal cells

61
Q

make pepsinogen (chemically break apart proteins)

A

chief cells

62
Q

hormonal stimulates: gastrin, CCK, histamine

A

enteroendocrine cells

63
Q

what is the most important enteroendocrine cell because it turns on digestive processes

A

gastrin

64
Q

what is an enteroendocrine cell that is local to stimulate acid production

A

histamine

65
Q

where is mechanical digestion mostly completed

A

stomach

66
Q

what does the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach lead to

A

individual amino acids-simplest building blocks

67
Q

what stimulates parietal cells to make HCl during chemical digestion

A

gastrin

68
Q

what straightens protein(makes it flat during chemical digestion )

A

decreased pH

69
Q

what is the purpose of straightening the protein in chemical digestion

A

allows bonds to be accessed by enzymes

70
Q

what is pepsinogen brokes into/become

A

pepsin

71
Q

what is prpsin

A

enzyme of protein digestion

72
Q

what does pepsin do during chemical digestion

A

breaks bonds between amino acids so they can become individual amino acids

Anatomy 2 (24 decks)

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