Immune System Flashcards
what are the first barriers to infections from microorganisms
skin and mucosa
what re the two general branches of the immune system
innate and acquired
describe the innate branch
born with immune defenses
doesn’t matter if come into contact or not
general (attacks broad categories like all bacteria)
not specific types of diseases
describe the acquired branch
specific (one particular type)
HAVE to come into contact with infection
two sub categories
what is another name for the acquired branch
adaptive
what are the two sub categories of the acquired branch
humoral and cellular
describe the humoral category
body fluids
B-lymphocytes
describe the cellular category
infection inside cells
T-lumphocytes
what are barrier defenses
physical barriers
why are barrier defenses so important
they are effective in keeping out infection
what are examples of barrier defenses
skin, mucosa, conchae, stomach acid, acidity of vagina
what is the chief response of innate immune defense
inflammation
what does inflammation do
prevents the spread of infection, clears debris, and sets the stage for healing
what is the broad schematic of inflammation
tissue injury- release of histamine- responses that attempt to localize/trap infection
what are heat and redness indicative of
cardinal signs
what is the first step in inflammation
histamine(and other hormones) cause vasodialation which increases blood flow(brings more blood)
what is the second step of inflammation
capillary permeability increases which increases plasma leakage
what is the third step of inflammation
pressure is increased in the interstitial fluid
what is the fourth step of inflammation
clot forms, pressure increases duet to tightened space, increase in containment(localization) of infection
what is the fifth step of inflammation
damaged cells release signal proteins to recruit WBCs
what are the three ways phagocytes get to the site of infection
margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis
what occurs during margination
WBCs pulled along margin of capillary(leave laminar flow)
what occurs during diapedesis
WBCs “walking” through wall of capillary
what occurs during chemotaxis
WBCs detect injured cell’s proteins and move toward infection
what attack all all bacteria
neutrophils and macrophages
what do phagocytes attack
invaders in the CT underlying skin
what is the complement system
set of proteins that act with immune system/assist antibodies and pagocytes
how are the blood proteins of the complement system activated
they float around until activated by polysaccarhides of bacteria
what three things does the complement system do
stimulates histamine release, opsonization, MAC
what occurs when histamine release is stimulated
inflammation is turned on at a higher level
what occurs during opsonization
“make tasty”
flags bacteria to make easier for phagocytes to find(chemical coating)
phagocyte then finds and engulfs it
what occurs during MAC
proteins punch holes in bacteria
makes it leak to death
what are proteins that inhibit viral infections
interferons
describe how viruses work
get inside host cell
reprogram host’s DNA
host cell reprogrammed to make new viruses
cell bursts and infection spreads
how do interferons work
the infected/dying cell alerts other cells by interferons that they need to turn on antiviral proteins
