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Anatomy 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the first barriers to infections from microorganisms

A

skin and mucosa

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2
Q

what re the two general branches of the immune system

A

innate and acquired

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3
Q

describe the innate branch

A

born with immune defenses
doesn’t matter if come into contact or not
general (attacks broad categories like all bacteria)
not specific types of diseases

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4
Q

describe the acquired branch

A

specific (one particular type)
HAVE to come into contact with infection
two sub categories

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5
Q

what is another name for the acquired branch

A

adaptive

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6
Q

what are the two sub categories of the acquired branch

A

humoral and cellular

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7
Q

describe the humoral category

A

body fluids

B-lymphocytes

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8
Q

describe the cellular category

A

infection inside cells

T-lumphocytes

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9
Q

what are barrier defenses

A

physical barriers

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10
Q

why are barrier defenses so important

A

they are effective in keeping out infection

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11
Q

what are examples of barrier defenses

A

skin, mucosa, conchae, stomach acid, acidity of vagina

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12
Q

what is the chief response of innate immune defense

A

inflammation

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13
Q

what does inflammation do

A

prevents the spread of infection, clears debris, and sets the stage for healing

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14
Q

what is the broad schematic of inflammation

A

tissue injury- release of histamine- responses that attempt to localize/trap infection

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15
Q

what are heat and redness indicative of

A

cardinal signs

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16
Q

what is the first step in inflammation

A

histamine(and other hormones) cause vasodialation which increases blood flow(brings more blood)

17
Q

what is the second step of inflammation

A

capillary permeability increases which increases plasma leakage

18
Q

what is the third step of inflammation

A

pressure is increased in the interstitial fluid

19
Q

what is the fourth step of inflammation

A

clot forms, pressure increases duet to tightened space, increase in containment(localization) of infection

20
Q

what is the fifth step of inflammation

A

damaged cells release signal proteins to recruit WBCs

21
Q

what are the three ways phagocytes get to the site of infection

A

margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis

22
Q

what occurs during margination

A

WBCs pulled along margin of capillary(leave laminar flow)

23
Q

what occurs during diapedesis

A

WBCs “walking” through wall of capillary

24
Q

what occurs during chemotaxis

A

WBCs detect injured cell’s proteins and move toward infection

25
Q

what attack all all bacteria

A

neutrophils and macrophages

26
Q

what do phagocytes attack

A

invaders in the CT underlying skin

27
Q

what is the complement system

A

set of proteins that act with immune system/assist antibodies and pagocytes

28
Q

how are the blood proteins of the complement system activated

A

they float around until activated by polysaccarhides of bacteria

29
Q

what three things does the complement system do

A

stimulates histamine release, opsonization, MAC

30
Q

what occurs when histamine release is stimulated

A

inflammation is turned on at a higher level

31
Q

what occurs during opsonization

A

“make tasty”
flags bacteria to make easier for phagocytes to find(chemical coating)
phagocyte then finds and engulfs it

32
Q

what occurs during MAC

A

proteins punch holes in bacteria

makes it leak to death

33
Q

what are proteins that inhibit viral infections

A

interferons

34
Q

describe how viruses work

A

get inside host cell
reprogram host’s DNA
host cell reprogrammed to make new viruses
cell bursts and infection spreads

35
Q

how do interferons work

A

the infected/dying cell alerts other cells by interferons that they need to turn on antiviral proteins

Anatomy 2 (24 decks)

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