HODGKIN DISEASE Flashcards
large, multinucleated cells that are probably nonfunctioning monocyte-macrophage cells
Reed-Sternberg Cells
Why are Reed-Sternberg Cells abnormal?
*because they lack both B- ang T-lymphocyte surface markers
*cannot produce immunoglobulins
It is rarely seen in children younger than
younger than 7 years
Metastasis is through
lymphatic channels
If Hodgkin Disease is left untreated what will happen?
it will spread to lungs, liver, and bone marrow
Symptoms of Hodgkin Disease usually begin with
enlargement of only one painless, enlarged, rubbery lymph node.
In Hodgkin Disease, the child may report accompanying symptoms of
*anorexia
*malaise
*night sweats
*unintentional loss of weight
Hodgkin Disease is confirmed by
biopsy of the lymph nodes
The ________ may reveal enlarged mediastinal nodes
chest CT scan
_________ may reveal enlarged lymph nodes of the abdomen
abdominal CT scan
are typically used to stage and monitor response to Hodgkin disease treatment
PET scans
is a nuclear medicine imaging modality that utilizes injected radiolabeled molecules
PET scan
PET scan
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Preparation for the scan will include a
period of fasting followed by radionuclide injection, a dwell period, and then the scan
Hours of fasting for the PET scan
usually 6 to 8 hours
Today’s standard of treatment for Hodgkin Disease
Combination therapy: using a combination of chemotherapy agents, with radiation reserved for those who have a limited response to chemotherapy
children diagnosed with Hodgkin Disease will have __________ to gauge the response to treatment and determine the amount of therapy needed.
Intermittent PET/CT scans
Current therapy for Hodgkin Disease results in what survival rate for children
98% 5-year survival rate for children; and up to 50% with relapsed or refractory disease
If relapse occurs, what will be needed for Hodgkin Disease?
additional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, or bone marrow transplantation will be utilized.
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
with Hodgkin Disease, lymphocytes proliferate
in the lymph glands
what is the typical utilized injected radiolabeled molecule
glucose
Hodgkin disease is now referred to as
Hodgkin Lymphoma
The disease manifests in two primary subtypes:
*Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
*less frequent nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
common areas of manifestation of the lymph nodes of the disease
*neck
*armpit
*groin
Hodgkin disease is most commonly diagnosed in what age
early adulthood (between ages 15 and 40) and late adulthood (after age 55)
Hodgkin disease occurs slightly more frequently in what gender
Males
EBV infection
Epstein-Barr Virus infection
causes infectious
mononucleosis (mono)
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection
causes infectious
mononucleosis (mono)
Some autoimmune diseases, such as __________ have been associated with a higher risk of Hodgkin’s disease.
*rheumatoid arthritis
*systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
*celiac disease
unintentional weight loss of body weight over a period of six months or less can occur in individuals with Hodgkin’s disease.
weight loss of 10% or more
The abnormal lymphocytes in Hodgkin’s disease release inflammatory
substances called
cytokines
can make you feel tired and unwell,
leading to decreased desire to eat.
Cytokines
is a rare condition fever reported in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Pel-Ebstein fever or Pelle Epstein Fever
Treatment for Hodgkin Disease
A - Adriamycin
B - Bleomycin
V - Vinblastine
D - Dacarbazine
Treatment for stage I and II
2-4 cycles of ABVD + Radiotherapy
Treatment for Stage III and IV
6-8 cycles + Radiation
By Ann-Arbor classification, Stage I is
Single Site: one lymph node or one extralymphatic site
By Ann-Arbor classification, Stage II is
≥ 2 L.Ns on same side of diaphragm
By Ann-Arbor classification, Stage III is
L.Ns on both sides
By Ann-Arbor classification, Stage IV is
Diffuse, one or more extralymphatic tissue
How to diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma
*Complete Blood Count Test
*Physical Examination
*Imaging test (X-ray or PET/CT scan)
*Biopsy
Lymph nodes of the Hodgkin Disease usually starts at what area?
cervical lymph nodes
