Heart And Mediastinum

Question 1

What part of the mediastinum is the heart and pericardium located in?

Answer 1

The middle mediastinum

Question 2

What are the boundaries of the middle mediastinum?

Answer 2

Anterior: anterior mediastinum
Posterior: posterior mediastinum
Superior: angle of Louis
Inferior: diaphragm

Question 3

What is the location of the heart?

Answer 3

Behind the sternum
Between the 2nd and 6th ribs
Between t5-t8
Apex- base of heart located at 5th intercostal space in the left midclavicular line

Question 4

What are the ausculatory sites for the aortic valve, pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve, mitral valve?

Answer 4

Aortic valve- right second intercostal space
Pulmonary valve- left second intercostal space
Tricuspid valve- left fourth and fifth intercostal space
Mitral valve- apex beat

Question 5

What is the pericardium?

Answer 5

Loose fitting sac surrounding the heart and roots of great vessels

Question 6

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 6

Fibrous pericardium- tough, loose-fitting inelastic - outer layer
Serous pericardium- thin- two layers
Parietal layer- lines inside of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer: adheres to outside of heart

Question 7

What is between the parietal layer and viscerally layer of the pericardium?

Answer 7

Pericardial space filled with pericardial fluid - decrease friction

Question 8

What are pericardiophrenic vessels?

Answer 8

Located within and supply the fibrous pericardium

Question 9

What is the function of the heart valves?

Answer 9

Permit blood flow in one direction during circulation
Prevents back flow of blood

Question 10

What are the semi-lunar valves?

Answer 10

Pulmonary valves, aorta valves

Question 11

What is the location of the pulmonary valve? How many cusps?

Answer 11

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk- Three semi-lunar cusps

Question 12

Where is the aortic valves located? How many cusps?

Answer 12

Between the left ventricle and aortic- three semi-lunar cusps

Question 13

What are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 13

Tricuspid valves
Mitral valve

Question 14

What is the location of the tricuspid valve? How many cusps? What are they connected to via what?

Answer 14

Between right atrium and right ventricle
3 cusps
Connected to ventricular papillary muscle via chordate tendinae

Question 15

What is the location of the mitral valve? How many cusps?

Answer 15

Between the left atrium and left ventricle- two cusps

Question 16

What is cardomegaly? How can it be identified?

Answer 16

The enlargement of the heart. If the shadow is over 1/2 of the thoracic shadow.

Question 17

What chambers lies behind the sternu,?

Answer 17

The right ventricle

Question 18

What does blood enter the right atrium through?

Answer 18

The vena cava and coronary sinus

Question 19

What is the right auricle?

Answer 19

Right auricle - projects forward - broad triaangular muscular pouc- visible on the exterior of the heart and overlap the ascending aorta.

Question 20

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 20

ossa ovalis- remanent of foramen ovale- allows oxygenated blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium so can bypass the lungs which are non functional before birth
Coronary sinus- veins from heart join up and go into right atrium

Question 21

What is the Crista terminalis?

Answer 21

Crista terminalsis- a smooth, muscular ridge that begins on the roof of the atrium just in front of the opening of the superior vena cava and extends down the lateral wall to the anterior lip of the inferior vena cava

Question 22

What are the pectinate muscles?

Answer 22

fan out from Crista- these ridges are also found in the right auricle, which is an ear like conical muscular pouch that externally overlaps the ascending aorta

Question 23

Where is the SAN and what does it do?

Answer 23

Jus inferior to vena cava - pacemakers carry electrical impulses

Question 24

Where is the AVN and and what does it do?

Answer 24

Boundary of tricuspid valve- delay electrical signal from SA until atrium is empty of blood

Question 25

What are chordae tendinae?

Answer 25

Arise from papillary muscles- project from wall of ventricle

Question 26

What are the papillary muscles?

Answer 26

Attach to tricuspid and mitral valve leaflets via the chordate tendinae and control valves

Question 27

What separates the two ventricles?

Answer 27

Interventricular septum

Question 28

What does the left aortic sinus give rise to?

Answer 28

Left coronary artery

Question 29

What does the right aortic sinus give rise to?

Answer 29

Right coronary artery

Question 30

What does the posterior aortic sinus give rise to?

Answer 30

Nothing, known as non-coronary sinus

Question 31

What does the RCA branch into?

Answer 31

1. Marginal branch 2. Sinoatrial branch 3. Posterior descending branch

Question 32

What does the LCA branch into?

Answer 32

1. Circumflex branch> marginal branch 2. Left anterior descending artery (LAD) > diagonal branch

Question 33

What is coronary artery dominance?

Answer 33

Defined by the vessel which gives rise to the posterior descending artery

Question 34

What happens is there is a blockage near the SAN node artery?

Answer 34

Irregular heart Beat

Question 35

What vein accompanies the marginal branch?

Answer 35

Small cardiac vein

Question 36

What vein accompanies the posterior descending branch?

Answer 36

Middle cardiac vein

Question 37

What vein accompanies the left anterior descending artery?

Answer 37

Great cardiac vein

Question 38

What is the coronary sinus?

Answer 38

All cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus which opens into right atrium

Question 39

What is the moderator band?

Answer 39

a muscle column the acourses inferior from the right portion of the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle

Question 40

What is the infundibulum?

Answer 40

conical pouch formed the upper andd left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heater, which the pulmonary trun arises. The outflow tract of the right ventricle, which lead to the pulmonary trunk- area has smooth walls and derives from embryonic bulbous cord is/

Question 41

What happens to cardiac output when there is an increased level of fluid in the pericardial sac

Answer 41

decreases, because chambers of the heart are more compressed so less space for ventricles to contract and limited amount of oxygenated blood around the body