Digestion Flashcards
What three vessels form the portal triad and what are their locations in the triad
bile duct = anterior right
hepatic artery = anterior left
portal vein = posterior
What are pro-caval anastomoses and the 3 examples in the abdomen
tissue areas where blood drains to both the hepatic portal system and the caval veins
the distal oesophagus, rectum and superficial abdomen
What do the right and left hepatic ducts join to form
The common hepatic ducts
What duct exits the gallbladder and what does it join with to form?
the cystic duct leaves the gallbladder and joins with the common hepatic duct to form the bile duct
What part of the duodenum does the main pancreatic duct and the bile duct enter? What sphincter guards it?
the hepatopancreatic ampulla, guarded by hepatopancreatic sphincter and major duodenal papilla
What does the major duodenal papilla mark the transition between
the foregut and midgut
What does the main pancreatic duct do
carries pancreatic juice to the duodenum
What is the function of the jejenum and ileum and where is it?
site of absorption of folic acid, bile salts and vitamin B12
begins at the duodenojejunal flexure and ends at the ileocaecal junction
How can you tell the jejenum and ileum apart
jejenum has longer and fewer vasa recta. has less fat deposited in the mesentary so more light will shine through when held up
What are the flexures called on the right and left side of the transverse colon
right side = hepatic flexure. slightly lower than the left due to the liver being larger
left side = splenic flexure
What is the location of the appendix normally
retrocaecal
Which surface landmark would be tender to touch in acute appendicitis and where is it
McBurney’s point = 1/3 lateral of line between the ASIS and umbilicus
Which muscles make up the iliopsoas muscle and what is its function
the psoas major, psoas minor and iliacus. muscle flexes the hip joint and stabilisies the back during walking, standing and running
What are appendices epiploicae
fatty projections of the large intestine
What are taeniae coli
3 bands of the longitudinal layer of smooth muscles in the walls
What are haustra
sacculations of the wall between teniae coli
What is the function of the superior mesenteric artery and what level does it arise from the aorta?
to supply the midgut
at L1
What branches off from the superior mesenteric artery
middle colic artery
right colic artery
ileocolic artery -> further divides into colic, caecal, appendicular and ilial arteries
jejunal artery
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
What is the function of the inferior mesenteric artery and what level does it arise from
supplies the hindgut and drains into the splenic vein
L3
What branches off from the inferior mesenteric artery
left colic -> both ascending and descending branches
sigmoid arteries
superior rectal arteries
What nerves form the greater splanchnic nerve and which ganglia and plexus do they pass through to supply?
T5-9
pass through celiac ganglia and celiac plexus to supply the foregut
Which nerves form the lesser splanchnic nerve and which ganglia and plexus do they pass through to supply?
T10+11
pass through superior mesenteric ganglia, superior mesenteric plexus to supply the midgut
Which nerve forms the least splanchnic nerve and what ganglia and plexus foes it pass through to supply?
T12
superior mesenteric ganglia and plexus
supplies the midgut
Which nerves supply the lumbar splanchnic nerves and what ganglia and plexus do they pass through to supply?
L1-3
the inferior mesenteric ganglia and plexus
supplies the hindgut
Which nerves form the pelvic splanchnic nerves and what two plexus’ do they pass through to supply
S2-4
passes through the inferior hypogastric plexus, superior hypogasrtric plexus to supply the hindgut
What artery supplies the descending colon?
Left colic artery
What arteries supply the sigmoid colon?
Sigmoid arteries
What arteries supply the rectum?
Superior rectal artery
At what level does the descending aorta bifurcate?
L4
What is the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres) a remnant of?
the umbilical vein
What are the names of the 2 lobes super and inferior to the porta hepatis of the liver?
superior = caudate lobe
inferior = quadrate lobe
What is the ligamentum venosum in the liver a remnant of? what was its original function?
the ductus venosus, duct connected the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava to bypass the liver
What are the two ligaments of the liver and what are their roles?
coronary ligament = attached liver to the diaphragm
falciform ligament = connects liver to the abdominal wall
What is the bare area of the liver?
the area with no peritoneal covering
Where does the uncinate process located?
the part of the duodenum located to the left and behind the superior mesenteric vessels
List the regions of the duodenum
superior
descending
inferior
ascending
What are the regions of the pancreas
uncinate reprocessing
as
head
neck
body
tail
What are the borders of the spleen? Anteriorly, posteriorly, inferiorly and medially
anteriorly = stomach
posteriorly = diaphragm
inferiorly = left colic flexure
medially = left kidney
What veins drain blood from the bowels
None
Compare the roles of the portal vein and the hepatic vein
portal vein = drains blood from GI tract. blood is low in oxygen but high in nutrients. blood still contains around 40% more oxygen than blood in systemic circulation
hepatic vein = drains blood into inferior vena cava
What tributaries join to form the portal vein
the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
Where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into
the splenic vein or the junction between the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
What is the porta hepatis?
The point of entry for the liver for the hepatic arteries and portal vein and exit for elastic ducts
What ligament connect the liver to the stomach?
Hepatogastric ligament
What connects the liver to the duodenum?
Hepatoduodenal ligament
What connect the liver to the diaphragm?
Right and left triangular ligaments and anterior and posterior coronary ligaments
What is the arterial supply of the liver?
Right hepatic artery and left hepatic artery
What veins join to form the portal vein?
Splenic unites with superior mesenteric vein to form
